2013, Número 6
<< Anterior Siguiente >>
salud publica mex 2013; 55 (6)
Derechos humanos y acceso a seguro médico para inmigrantes
Parmet W, Fischer S
Idioma: Ingles.
Referencias bibliográficas: 45
Paginas: 631-637
Archivo PDF: 185.77 Kb.
RESUMEN
Aunque el derecho a la salud está bien establecido en el derecho
internacional, muchos Estados limitan la participación de
los no-ciudadanos en los programas de salud pública. En los
Estados Unidos, los inmigrantes enfrentan grandes barreras
debido a la falta de reconocimiento a un derecho amplio a la
salud y porque los estatutos federales restringen la elegibilidad
de muchos inmigrantes a seguros médicos financiados
con fondos federales. Las altas tasas de inmigrantes sin seguro
médico tienen un efecto perjudicial sobre su salud, así como
en la salud de los ciudadanos que viven en sus comunidades.
En el caso reciente de
Finch vs. Commonwealth Health Insurance
Connector, la Corte Suprema de Massachusetts reconoció el
derecho de los inmigrantes legales en Massachusetts a obtener
un seguro médico apoyado por el Estado y demostró la
importancia de incorporar a los inmigrantes en programas de
salud ya establecidos, en vez de individualizar los programas
hacia el inmigrante.
REFERENCIAS (EN ESTE ARTÍCULO)
Universal Declaration of Human Rights, G.A. Res. 217 (III) A, U.N. Doc. A/RES/217 (III) (Dec. 10, 1948).
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, G.A. Res. 2200A (XXI)(1966), Art. 12, 21 U.N. GAOR Supp. No. 16, U.N. Doc. A/6316 (Dec. 16, 1966).
Convention on the Rights of a Child art. 24. Nov. 20, 1989, 1577 U.N.T.S. 44.
World Health Organization, Preamble to the Constitution, Apr. 7, 1948.
Comm. On Econ., Soc. & Cultural Rights, General Comment no. 14: The Right to the Highest Attainable Standard of Health, U.N. Doc. E/C.12/2000/4 (Aug. 11, 2000)[consulted 2013, October 6]. Available at: http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/%28symbol%29/E.C.12.2000.4.En.
Comm. on Econ., Soc. & Cultural Rights, General Comment no. 19, The Right to Social Security, U.N. Doc. E/C.12/GC/19 (Feb. 4, 2008), [consulted 2013, October 6] Available at http://www.refworld.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/ rwmain?docid=47b17b5b39c.
Comm. on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination, General Recommendations: Discrimination against Non Citizens (Oct. 1, 2004) [consulted 2013, October 6]. Available at: http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/0/ e3980a673769e229c1256f8d0057cd3d.
United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, art 5, G.A. res 2106 (Jan. 4, 1969).
United Nations. Declaration on the Human Rights of Individuals Who are not Nationals of the Country in which They Live, G.A. res. 40/144, annex, 40 U.N. GAOR Supp. (No. 53) at 252, U.N. Doc. A/40/53 (1985).
Organization of American States, Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights “Protocol of San Salvador,” 1988 [consulted 2013, October 6]. Available at: http://www.oas.org/juridico/english/treaties/a-52.html.
Inter-American Program for the Promotion and Protection of the Human Rights of Migrants, Including Migrant Workers and their Families, AG/RES. 2141 (XXXV-O/05) (Mar. 17, 2003)[consulted 2013, October 6]. Available at: http://www.oas.org/dil/migrant_workers_inter_american_program.htm.
United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights. International Convention on the Protection of the Rights of All Migrant Workers and Members of their Families, Dec. 18, 1990, 2220 U.N.T.S. 93.
Elgersma S. Immigration status and legal entitlements to insured health services. Ottawa, ON: Parliamentary Information & Research Service, Political & Social Affairs Division, 28 October, 2008 [consulted 2013, October 6]. Available at http://www.parl.gc.ca/Content/LOP/researchpublications/ prb0828-e.pdf.
Citizenship and Immigration Canada. Summary of changes to the interim federal health program. Ottawa, ON: Citizenship and Immigration Canada; 2012 [consulted 2013, October 6]. Available at: www.cic.gc.ca/ english/refugees/outside/summary-ifhp.asp.
Press association. Immigrants to face crackdown on benefits and health care. Huffington post: 2013, March 25 [internet series][consulted 2013, April 26]. Available at: http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/2013/03/24/ immigrants-curbs-benefits_n_2945224.html.
Bogumil T. Realizing the right to health of undocumented immigrants in Europe: legal and social challenges. Proceedings of the 13th World Congress on Public Health; 2012, April 23-27[consulted 2013, October 6]. Available at: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2254580.
Harris vs. MacCrae, 448 U.S. 297 (1980).
Robert Wood Johnson Foundation. State health access data assistance center [consulted 2013, April 10]. Available at: http://www.rwjf.org/en/ research-publications/find-rwjf-research/2013/04/state-level-trends-inemployer- sponsored-health-insurance.html.
Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. Key facts on health coverage for low-income immigrants today and under health reform [consulted 2013, March 26]. Available at: http://www.oucom.ohiou.edu/hpf/pdf/HPF%20January% 20Reading%20Assignment%202013.pdf.
Sommers BD. Perspective: stuck between health and immigration reform – care for undocumented immigrants. N. Engl J Med 2013; 369:593-595.
Parmet WE. Perspective: holes in the safety net – legal immigrants access to health insurance. N Engl J Med 2013; 369 596-598
Siskin A. Treatment of noncitizens under the patient protection and affordable care act. Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, March 2011.
Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act of 1996, PL 104–193, August 22, 1996, 110 Stat 2105.
Soskin vs. Reinertson, 353 F.3d 1242 (10th Cir. 2004).
Lewis vs. Thompson, 252 F.3d 567, 584 (2d Cir. 2001).
42 U.S.C. 1396b(V) (2011).
DuBard CA, Massing MW. Trends in emergency medicaid expenditures for recent and undocumented immigrants. JAMA 2007; 297: 1085-1092.
Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003, Pub. L. No. 108-173, § 1011(a), 117 Stat. 2066, 2432 (2003).
Zuckerman S, Waiderman TA, Lawton E. Undocumented immigrants, left out of health reform, likely to continue to grow as share of the uninsured. Health Aff (Millwood) 2011; 10:1997-2003.
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, PL 111-148, March 23, 2010, 124 Stat 119.
Pre-Existing Condition Insurance Plan Program, 77 FR 52614-01. (2012).
Derose KP, Escare JT, Lurie N. Immigrants and health care access, quality, and cost. Med Care Res Rev 2009; 66: 9-10.
Nandi A, Loue S, Galea S, Expanding the universe of universal coverage: the population health argument for increase coverage for immigrants. J Immigr Min Health 2009; 11:433-436.
Okie S. Perspective immigrants and health care — at the intersection of two broken systems. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 525-529.
Sack K. Immigrants cling to fragile lifeline at safety-net hospital. The New York Times 2009; September 24, section A: 16.
Raghavan R, Nuila R. Perspective: survivors – dialysis, Immigration, and U.S. law. N Engl J Med 2011; 364: 2183-2185.
Cruz v. Cent. Iowa Hosp. Corp., 826 N.W.2d 516 (Iowa Ct. App. 2012).
Center for Social Justice at Seton Hall Law and the Health Justice Program at New York Lawyers for the Public Interest. Discharge, deportation, and dangerous journeys: a study on the practice of medical repatriation. 2012, December [consulted 2013, October 6]. Available at: http://law. shu.edu/ProgramsCenters/PublicIntGovServ/CSJ/upload/final-med-repatreport- 2012.pdf.
Fortuny K, Chaudry A. A comprehensive review of immigrant access to health & human services. Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute 2011.
Children’s Health Insurance Program Reauthorization Act, 42 U.S.C. § 1397ll (2009).
Bruns vs. Mayhew, 931 F. Supp.2d 260 (D.Me. 2013).
Finch vs. Commonwealth Health Ins. Connector Auth., 959 N.E.2d 970 (Mass. 2012).
Finch vs. Commonwealth Health Ins. Connector Auth., 946 N.E.2d 1262 (Mass. 2011).
Ngowi R. Massachusetts immigrants begin to join health care plan. The Boston Globe: 2012 April 6 [consulted 2013 October 6]. Available at: http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2012/04/06/ mass_immigrants_begin_to_join_health_care_plan/.