Marsán SV, del Valle PLO, Macías AC

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 29
Paginas:
Archivo PDF: 208.90 Kb.

RESUMEN

El timo es un órgano linfoide central o primario localizado en la parte anterosuperior del tórax. Constituye el principal sitio de diferenciación y maduración de las células T. En esta revisión se detallan aspectos actuales de la embriología, la histología y la función tímica y en la generación de los diferentes subtipos de timocitos y su diferenciación a células T maduras efectoras, la inducción de las células T tímicas reguladoras involucradas en el mantenimiento de la tolerancia a lo propio y la involución que sufre este órgano durante el proceso de inmunosenescencia.

REFERENCIAS (EN ESTE ARTÍCULO)

1. Jacobs MT, Frush DP, Donnetty LF. The right place at the wrong time: historical perspective of the thymus gland and pediatric radiology. Radiology. 1999;210:11-6.

2. Nishino M, Ashiku SK, Kocher ON, Thurer RL, Boiselle PM, Hatabu H. The thymus: a comprehensive review. Radiographics. 2006;26:335-48.

3. Miller J. Immunological function of the thymus. Lancet. 1961; 2:748–9.

4. Boehm T, Bleul CC. The evolutionary history of lymphoid organs. Nat Immunol. 2007;8:131-5.

5. Blackburn CC, Manley NR. Developing a new paradigm for thymus organogénesis. Nat Rev Immunol. 2004;4:278-89.

6. Miller JF. The discovery of thymus function and of thymus-derived lymphocytes. Immunol Rev. 2002;185:7-14.

7. Ribatti D, Crivettato E, Vacca A. Miller’s seminal studies on the role of thymus in immunity. Clin Exp Immunol. 2006; 144:371-5.

8. Anderson G, Jenkinson WE, Jones T, Parnell SM, Kinsella FA., White AJ et al. Establishment and functioning of intrathymic microenvironments. Immunol Rev. 2006;2009:10-27.

9. Itoi M, Tsukamoto N, Yoshida H, Amagai T. Mesenchymal cells are required for functional development of thymic epithelial cells. Int Immunol. 2007;19:953-64.

10. Bhandoola A, Sambandam A. From stem cell to T cell: one route or many? Nat. Rev. Immunol. 2006,6:117–26.

11. Krueger A, Willenzon S, Lyszkiewicz M, Kremmer E, Forster R. CC chemokine receptor 7 and 9 double-deficient hematopoietic progenitors are severely impaired in seeding the adult thymus. Blood. 2010;115:1906-12.

12. Wurbel MA, Malissen B, Campbell JJ. Complex regulation of CCR9 at multiple discrete stages of T cell development. Eur J Immunol. 2006;36:73-81.

13. Uehara S, Grinberg A, Farber JM, Love PE. A role for CCR9 in T lymphocyte development and migration. J Immunol. 2002;168:2811-9.

14. Abbas AK, Lichtman AH. Lymphocyte Maduration and Expression of Antigen Receptor Genes. In: Abbas AK, Lichtman AH, ed. Cellular and Molecular Immunology. Philadelphia: Elsevier Saunders; 2005. p. 129-62.

15. Schwarz BA, SambandaM A, Maillard I, Harmar B, Looe P, Bhandoola A. Selective thymus settling regulated by cytokine and chemokine receptors. J Immunol. 2007;178:2008-17.

16. Nunes H, Ribot JC, Serra A, Silva B, Sousa AE. Foxp3 induction in human and murine precedes the CD4+ CD8+ stage but requires early T-cell receptor expression. Immunol Cell Biol. 2010;88:523-8.

17. Starr, TK, Jameson SC, Hogquist KA. Positive and negative selection of T cells. Annu Rev Immunol. 2003;21:139-76.

18. Hayday AC. γδ T cell: a right time and a right place for a conserved third way of protection. Ann Rev Immunol. 2000;18: 975-6.

19. Maggi E, Cosmi L, Liotta F, Romagnani P, Romagnani S, Annunziato F. Thymic regulatory T cells. Autoimmune Rev. 2005 Nov;4:579-86.

20. Klein L, Jovanovic K. Regulatory T cell lineage commitment in the thymus. Semin Immunol 2011 Dec;23:401-9.

21. Winrsberger G, Hinterberger M, Klein L. Regulatory T-cell differentiation versus clonal deletion of autoreactive thymocytes. Immunol Cell Biol 2011 Jan;89:45-53.

22. Al-Shami A, Spolski R, Kelly J, Fry T, Schartzberg PL, Pandey A, et al. A role for thymic stromal lymphopoietin in CD4(+) T cell development. J Exp Med 2004; 200:159-68.

23. Liu Y-J, Soumelis V, Watanabe N, Ito T, Wang Y-H, Malefyt RdW, et al. TSLP: an epithelial cell cytokine that regulates T cell differentiation by conditioning dendritic cell maturation. Annu Rev Immunol 2007;25:193-219.

24. Reche PA, Soumelis V, Gorman DM, Clifford T, Liu MR, Travis M, et al. Human thymic stromal lymphopoietin preferentially stimulates myeloid cells. J Immunol 2001;167: 336-43.

25. Appay V, Sauce D, Prelog M. The role of the thymus in immunosenescence:lessons from the study of thymectomized individuals. AGING 2010;2:278-81.

26. Caruso C, Buffa S, Cardore G, Colonna-Romano G, Dunn-Walters D, Kipling D, et al. Mechanisms of immunosenescence. Immun Ageing 2009;6:10-4.

27. Sansoni P, Vescovini R, Fagnoni F, Biasini C, Zanni F, Telera A, et al. The immune system in extreme longevity. Experimental Gerontology 2008;43:61-5.

28. Weiskopf D, Weinberger B, Grubeck-Loebenstein B. The aging of the immune system. Transpl In 2009;22:1041-50.

29. Herrero C, Celada A. Inmunosenescencia. Inmunología. 2000;19(2,3): 75-80.