Rivero-Jiménez RA

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 50
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RESUMEN

Las enfermedades autoinmunes (EA) son provocadas por un daño intrínseco del sistema inmunológico como consecuencia de la pérdida de la autotolerancia que condiciona respuestas anormales frente estructuras propias, lo que genera un daño tisular que perdura en el tiempo. Las causas son multifactoriales y la predisposición genética es poligénica, lo que provoca proteínas diferentes en las células inmunológicamente activas o en las orgánicas. Puesto que el espectro de enfermedades es muy amplio, se clasifican en sistémicas cuando los anticuerpos atacan antígenos presentes en más de un órgano o tejido, y en órgano-específicas cuando el daño involucra a un tejido en particular. Para un diagnóstico correcto de laboratorio de las EA, hay que partir de la identificación de los síntomas clínicos del paciente, su asociación con cada enfermedad y su correspondencia con la detección de los autoanticuerpos. Eso hace que los exámenes de laboratorio sean de gran importancia en la evaluación de los pacientes ya que pueden confirmar el diagnóstico, estimar la gravedad de la enfermedad, ayudar a establecer un pronóstico y ser útiles para dar seguimiento a su evolución. Los componentes del estudio en el laboratorio deben incluir un hemograma completo con recuento diferencial de leucocitos, un panel metabólico completo, marcadores inflamatorios, el estudio de los autoanticuerpos por diversos métodos, las nuevas tecnologías Multiplex y la citometría de flujo. En esta mirada al diagnóstico se comentan algunos de los componentes y se abordan elementos de juicio sobre su utilidad clínica.

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