Arrieta O, Guzmán-de Alba E, Alba-López LF, Acosta-Espinoza A, Alatorre-Alexander J, Alexander-Meza JF, Allende-Pérez SR, Alvarado-Aguilar S, Araujo-Navarrete ME, Argote-Greene LM, Aquino-Mendoza CA, Astorga-Ramos AM, Astudillo-de la Vega H, Avilés-Salas A, Barajas-Figueroa LJ, Barroso-Quiroga N, Blake-Cerda M, Cabrera-Galeana PA, Calderillo-Ruíz G, Campos-Parra AD, Cano-Valdez AM, Capdeville-García D, Castillo-Ortega G, Casillas-Suárez C, Castillo-González P, Corona-Cruz JF, Correa-Acevedo ME, Cortez-Ramírez SS, de la Cruz-Vargas JA, de la Garza-Salazar JG, de la Mata-Moya MD, de la Peña-Hinojosa C, Domínguez-Flores ME, Domínguez-Malagón HR, Domínguez-Parra LM, Domínguez-Peregrina A, Durán-Alcocer J, Enríquez-Aceves MI, Elizondo-Ríos A, Escobedo-Sánchez MD, Espinosa-Mireles VP , Flores-Cantisani A, Flores-Gutiérrez JP, Franco-Marina F, Franco-González EE, Franco-Topete RA, Fuentes-de la Peña H, Galicia-Amor S, Gallardo-Rincón D, Gamboa-Domínguez A, García-Andreu J, García-Cuéllar CM, García-Sancho-Figueroa MC, García-Torrentera R, Gerson-Cwilich R, Gómez-González A, Green-Schneeweiss L, Guillén-Núñez MR, Gutiérrez-Velázquez H, Ibarra-Pérez C, Jiménez-Fuentes E, Juárez-Sánchez P, Juárez-Ramiro A, Kelly-García J, Kuri-Exsome R, Lázaro-León JM, León-Rodríguez E, Llanos-Osuna S, Loyola-García U, López-González JS, López AFJ, Loustaunau-Andrade MA, Macedo-Pérez EO, Machado-Villarroel L, Magallanes-Maciel M, Martínez-Barrera L, Martínez-Cedillo J, Martínez-Martínez G, Medina-Esparza A, Meneses-García A, Mohar-Betancourt A, Morales BJ, Morales-Gómez J, Motola-Kuba D, Nájera-Cruz MP, Núñez-Valencia CC, Ocampo-Ocampo MA, Ochoa-Vázquez MD, Olivares-Torres CA, Palomar-Lever A, Patiño-Zarco M, Pérez-Padilla R, Peña-Alonso YR, Pérez-Romo AR, Pérez MA, Pinaya-Ruíz PM, Pointevin-Chacón MA, Poot-Braga JJ, Posadas-Valay R, Ramírez-Márquez M, Reyes-Martínez I, Robledo-Pascual J, Rodríguez-Cid J, Rojas-Marín CE, Romero-Bielma E, Rubio-Gutiérrez JE, Sáenz-Frías JA, Salazar-Lezama MÁ, Sánchez-Lara K, Sansores MR , Santillán-Doherty P, Alejandro-Silva J, Téllez-Becerra JL, Toledo-Buenrostro V, Torre-Bouscoulet L, Torecillas-Torres L, Torres M, Tovar-Guzmán V, Turcott-Chaparro JG, Vázquez-Cortés JJ, Vázquez-Manríquez ME, Vilches-Cisneros N, Villegas-Elizondo JF, Zamboni MM, Zamora-Moreno J, Zinser-Sierra JW

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 559
Paginas: 5-84
Archivo PDF: 644.47 Kb.

RESUMEN

Especialistas mexicanos expertos en el diagnóstico y tratamiento del cáncer pulmonar de diversas areas (oncología, cirugía oncológica, cirugía torácica, neumología, patología, biología molecular, algología, psicología, nutrición y rehabilitación) se reunieron para desarrollar el Consenso Nacional de Cáncer Pulmón, que responde a la necesidad de contar con recomendaciones clínicas actualizadas para el tratamiento óptimo de esta enfermedad, establecidas por un panel multidisciplinario y representativo de México. Este documento analiza las generalidades epidemiológicas, tamizaje, diagnóstico, etapificación, patología, medicina traslacional y las terapias idóneas para enfermedad temprana, localmente avanzada y metastásica en primera, segunda y tercera línea, así como las medidas de rehabilitación y cuidados paliativos.

REFERENCIAS (EN ESTE ARTÍCULO)

1. Jemal A, Bray F, Melissa M, Ferlay J, Ward E, Forman D. Global cancer statistics. CA Cancer J Clin 2011; 61(2): 69-90.

2. Medina-Morales F, Salazar-Flores M. Frecuencia y patrón cambiante del cáncer pulmonar en México. Sal Pub Mex 2000; 42: 333-6.

3. Globocan. Country Fast Stats, Globocan IARC. Available from URL http://globocan.iarc.fr/factsheets/populations/factsheet.asp? uno=484

4. Mc Cormack VA, Boffetta P. Today’s lifestyles, tomorrow’s cancers: trends in lifestyle risk factors for cancer in low-and middle-income countries. Ann Oncol 2011; 22: 2349-57.

5. Peto R, Darby S, Deo H, Silcocks P, Whitley E, Doll R. Smoking, smoking cessation, and lung cancer in the UK since 1950: combination of national statistics with two case-control studies. BMJ 2000; 5; 321(7257): 323-9.

6. Deaths from smoking website. Available from URL www.deathsfromsmoking.net

7. Rudin CM, Avila-Tang E, Samet JM. Lung cancer in never smokers: a call to action. Clin Cancer Res 2009; 15(18): 5622-5.

8. Wen W, Shu XO, Gao YT, Yang G, Li Q, Li H, Zheng W. Environmental tobacco smoke and mortality in Chinese women who have never smoked: prospective cohort study. BMJ 2006; 333 (7564): 376.

9. Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía. Disponible en www inegi.org.mx

10. Lazcano-Ponce EC, Tovar-Guzmán V, Meneses-González F, Rascón-Pacheco RA, Hernández-Ávila M. Trends of lung cancer mortality in Mexico. Arch Med Res 1997; 28: 565-70.

11. Ruiz-Godoy L, Rizo-Ríos P, Sánchez-Cervantes F, Osornio- Vargas A, García-Cuellar C, Meneses-García A. Mortality due to lung cancer in Mexico. Lung Cancer 2007; 58: 184-90.

12. Tovar-Guzman VJ, Lopez-Antuñano FJ, Rodriguez-Salgado N. Recent trends in mortality due to chronic obstructive pul- monary disease (COPD) in Mexico, 1980-2002. Arch Med Res 2005; 36: 65-9.

13. Franco-Marina F, Villalba-Caloca J. La epidemia de cáncer pulmonar en México. Rev Inst Nal Enf Resp Mex 2001; 14(4): 207-14.

14. Medina FM, Barrera RR, Morales JF, Echegoyen RC, Chavarría JG, Rebora FT. Primary lung cancer in Mexico City: A report of 1019 cases. Lung Cancer 1996; 14(2-3): 185-93.

15. Medina MF, Salazar FM, García Sancho MC, Franco MF. Epidemiología descriptiva del cáncer pulmonar en el Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias, México, 1997-2000. Rev Inst Nal Enf Resp Mex 2002; 3: 149-52.

16. Spiro SG, Gould MK, Colice GL. Initial evaluation of the patient with lung cancer: symptoms, signs, laboratory test, and paraneoplastic syndromes. Chest 2007; 132: 149S-60S.

17. Arrieta O, Campos-Parra AD, Zuloaga Z, Avilés A, Sánchez- Reyes R, Vázquez MME, Covián-Molina E, et al. Clinical and pathological characteristics, outcome and mutational profiles regarding non–small-cell lung cancer related to wood-smoke exposure. J Thorac Oncol 2012; 7(8): 1228-34.

18. Encuesta Nacional de adicciones. Disponible en http://www.conadic.salud.gob.mx/pdfs/ena08/ENA08_NACIONAL.pdf

19. Censo Nacional de Población y Vivienda. 2010. www.censo2010.org.mx/

20. Hernández-Garduño E. Wood smoke exposure and lung adenocarcinoma in non-smoking Mexican women. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 2004; 8: 377-83.

21. Beelen R, Hoek G, van den Brandt PA, Goldbohm RA, Fischer P, Schouten LJ, et al. Long-term exposure to traffic-related air pollution and lung cancer risk. Epidemiology 2008; 19(5): 702-10.

22. Yu YH, Liao CC, Hsu WH, Chen HJ, Liao WC, Muo CH, et al. Increased lung cancer risk among patients with pulmonary tuberculosis: a population cohort study. J Thorac Oncol 2011; 6(1): 32-7.

23. Hoffmann D, Djordjevic MV, Hoffmann I. The changing cigarette. Prev Med 1997; 26(4): 427-34.

24. Jha P, Chaloupka FJ. Development in practice. Curbing the epidemic: Governments and the economics of tobacco control. Washington, D.C: The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank, 1999.

25. Trimble EL, Abrams JS, Meyer RM, Calvo F, Cazap E, Deye J, et al. Improving cancer outcomes through international collaboration in academic cancer treatment trials. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 5109-14.

26. Gallardo RD. Grupos Cooperativos de Investigación en Cáncer. Gac Mex Oncol 2009; 5: 173-4.

27. Doll R, Hill B. Smoking and carcinoma of the lung. BMJ 1950; 2: 739-48.

28. Wynder EL, Graham EA. Tobacco smoking as a possible etiologic factor in bronchogenic carcinoma. JAMA 1950; 143: 329-36.

29. Cohen AJ, Pope CA, Speizer FE. Ambient air pollution as a risk factor for lung cancer. Sal Pub Mex 1997; 39: 4345-55.

30. Field RW, Steck DJ, Smith BJ, Brus CP, Fisher EL, Neuberger JS, et al. Residential radon gas exposure and lung cancer. AM J Epidemiology 2000; 151: 1091-102.

31. Paris C, Benichou J, Raffaelli C, Genevois A, Fournier L, Menard G, et al. Factors associated with early-stage pulmonary fibrosis as determined by high resolution computer tomography among persons occupationally exposed to asbestos. Sand J Work Environ Health 2004; 30: 206-14.

32. Ferrecio C, González C, Milosavlevic V, Marshall G, Sancha AM, Smith AH. Lung cancer and arsenic concentration in drinking water in Chile. Epidemiology 2000; 11(6): 673-9.

33. Pope CA, Burnett RT, Thun MJ, Calle EE, Krewski D, Ito K, Thurston GD. Lung cancer cardiopulmonary mortality and long-term exposure to fine particulate air pollution. JAMA 2002; 287: 1132-41.

34. Cohen AJ. Outdoor air pollution and lung cancer. Environ Health Perspect 2000; 108: (Suppl. 4): 743-50.

35. Brunekreef B, Beelen R, Hoek G, Schouten L, Baush- Golbohum S, Fisher P, et al. Effect of long-term exposure to trafficrelated air pollution on respiratory and cardiovascular mortality in the Netherlands: The NLCS AIR study. Res Rep Health Eff Ins 2009; 1395-71. Discussion 73-89.

36. Sanchez-Pérez Y, Chirino YI, Osornio-Vargas AR, García- Cuellar CM. DNA damage response to A549 cells treated with particulate matter (PM10) of urban air pollutants. Cancer Lett 2009; 278(2): 192-200.

37. Eilstein D. Prolonged exposure to atmospheric air pollution and mortality from respiratory causes. [Article in French] Rev Mal Respir 2009; 26(10): 1146-58.

38. Hu G, Ran P. Indoor air pollution as a lung health hazard: focus on populous countries. Curr Opi Pulm Med 2009; 15: 2158-64.

39. Wiencke JK, Thurston SE, Kelsey KT, Varkonyi A, Wain JC, Mark EJ, et al. Early age at smoking initiation and tobacco carcinogen DNA damage in the lung. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999; 91(7): 614-9.

40. Ji BT, Shu XO, Linet MS, Zheng W, Wacholder S, Gao YT, Ying DM, et al. Paternal cigarette smoking and the risk of childhood cancer among offspring of nonsmoking mothers. JNCI 1997; 89: 238-43.

41. Mannino DM, Aguayo SM, Petty TL, Redd SC. Low lung function and incident lung cancer in the United States. Arch Intern Med 2003; 163: 1475-80.

42. Ebbert JO, Yang P, Vachon CM, Vierkant RA, Cerhan JR, Folsom AR, et al. Lung cancer risk reduction after smoking cessation: observation from a prospective cohort of women. J Clin Oncol 2003: 21(5): 921-6.

43. Athonisen NR, Skeans MA, Wise RA, Manfreda J, Kanner RE, Connett JE. The effects of smoking cessation intervention on 14.5 year mortality. A randomized clinical trial. Ann Intern Med 2005; 142(4): 233-9.

44. Lee JS, Lippman SM, Benner SE, Lee JJ, Ro JY, Lukerman JM, et al. Randomized placebo-controlled trial of isotretinoin in chemoprevention of bronchial squamous metaplasia. J Clin Oncol 1994; 12: 937-45.

45. Hennekens CH, Buring JE, Manson JE, Stampfer M, Rosner B, Cook N, et al. Lack of effect of long-term supplementation with beta carotene on the incidence of malignant neoplasms and cardiovascular disease. New Eng Jour Med 1996; 334: 18 1145-9.

46. Lee IM, Cook NR, Gaziano JM, Gordon D, Ridker PM, Manson JE, Hennekens CH, et al. Vitamin E in the primary prevention of cardiovascular disease and cancer. The women’s health study: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2005; 294: 56-65.

47. Gray J, Mao JT, Szabo E, Kelley M, Kurie J, Bepler G. Lung cancer chemoprevention. Chest 2007; 132; 56S-68S.

48. Rubins J, Unger M, Colice LG. Follow-up and surveillance of the lung cancer patient following curative intent theraphy. ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guideline (2nd Edition) Chest 2007; 132: 355S-67S.

49. Johnson BE. Second lung cancer in patients after treatment for an initial lung cancer. Review. J Natl Cancer Inst 1998; 90: 1335-45.

50. Parson A, Daley A, Begh R, Aveyard P. Influence of smoking cessation after diagnosis of early stage lung cancer on prognosis: systematic review of observational studies meta-analysis. BMJ 2010: 340b: 5569.

51. Sanderson Cox L, Patten CA, Ebbert JO, Drews AA, Croghan GA, Clark MM, et al. Tobacco use outcomes among patients with lung cancer treated for nicotine dependence. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20: 3461-9.

52. Russell MA, Wilson C, Taylor C, Baker. Effect of general practitioners advice against smoking. Br Med J 1979; 2: 231-5.

53. Psychiatric Association. DSM-IV. Manual diagnóstico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales. 1995. Barcelona. Masson.

54. Ocampo MA, Magallan A, Villa T, Cuevas E. Programa de cesación de tabaquismo en un hospital de tercer nivel. México. CONADIC. 2007.

55. Fiore MC, Jaén CR, Baker TB, Bailey WC, Benowitz N, Curry SJ, et al. Treating tobacco use and dependence: 2008 update. Quick reference guide for clinicians. Rockville, M D: US Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service.

56. McRobbie H, Bullen C, Glover M, Whittaker R, Wallace-Bell M, Fraser T, New Zealand Guidelines Group. New Zealand smoking cessation guidelines. N Z Med J 2008; 121: 57-70.

57. Fagerström KO. Measuring degree of physical dependence to tobacco smoking with reference to individualization of treatment. Addict Behav 1978; 3: 235-41.

58. Sbkowsky SM, Swan GE, McClure JB. Cigarrete smoking and nicotine dependence. Med Clin N Am 2004; 88: 1453-65.

59. Sansores MRH, Regalado PJ, Giraldo BG, Prado GJA, Aguilar SC, Rubio MH. Guías Mexicanas para el tratamiento del tabaquismo. Un Consenso Nacional de Expertos. Neumol Cir Tórax 2005; 64(Suppl. 2): S84-S112.

60. National Institutes of Health State-of-the-science Panel. National Institutes of Health State-of-the-science conference statement: tobacco use, prevention, cessation and control. Ann Intern Med 2006; 145: 839-44.

61. Fiore MC, Smith SS, Jorenby JDE, Baker TB. The effectiveness of the nicotine patch for smoking cessation: A metaanalysis. JAMA 994; 271: 1940-7.

62. Hurt RD, Sachs DPL, Glover ED, Glover ED, Offord KP, Johnston A, et al. A Comparison of sustained release bupropion and placebo for smoking cessation. N Engl J Med 1997; 337(17): 1195-220.

63. Gonzales D, Rennard SI, Nides M, Oncken C, Azoulay S, Billing CB, et al. Varenicline Phase 3 Study Group. Varenicline, an alfa 4 beta 2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor partial agonist, vs. sustained-release bupropion and placebo for smoking cessation. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2006: 296; 47-55.

64. Tonstad S, Tønnesen P, Hajek, P, Williams KE, Billing CB, Reeves KR, Varenicline Phase 3 Study Group. Effect of maintenance therapy with varenicline on smoking cessation. A randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2006; 296: 64-71.

65. Ebbert JO, Burke MV, Hays JT, Hurt RD. Combination treatment with varenicline and nicotine replacement therapy. Nicotine Tob Res 2009; 11: 572-6.

66. Ebbert JO, Croghan IT, Sood A, Schroeder DR, Hays JT, Hurt RD. Varenicline and bupropion sustained-release combination therapy for smoking cessation. Nicotine Tob Res 2009; 11: 234-9.

67. Derogatis LR, Morrow GR, Fetting J, Penman D, Piasetsky S, Schmale AM, Henrichs M, et al. The prevalence of psychiatric disorders among cancer patients. JAMA 1983; 249: 751-7.

68. Zabora J, BrintzenhofeSzoc K, Curbow B, Hooker C, Piantadosi S. The prevalence of psychological distress by cancer sites. Psychooncology 2001; 10: 19-28.

69. Martonell JL. Psicoterapias: escuelas y conceptos básicos. Cap. 3. Madrid: Ediciones Pirámide; 1996, p. 59-70.

70. Eddy DM, Diagnosis and treatment: screening for lung cancer. Ann Int of Med 1989; 111: 232-7.

71. Marcus PM, Bergstralh EJ, Fagerstrom RM, Williams DE, Fontana R, Taylor WF, et al. Lung cancer mortality in the Mayo Lung Project: impact of extended follow up. J Natl Cancer Inst 2000; 92: 1308-16.

72. Infante M, Cavuto S, Lutman FR, Brambilla G, Chiesa G, Ceresoli G, et al. DANTE Study Group. A randomized study of lung cancer screening with spiral computed tomography: three-year results from DANTE trial. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 180: 445-53.

73. Oken MM, Hocking WG, Kvale PA, Andriole GL, Buys SS, Church TR, et al. Screening by chest radiograph and lung cancer mortality: the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal and Ovarian (PLCO) randomized trial. JAMA 2011; 306: 1865-73.

74. Mahadevia PJ, Fleisher LA, Frick KD, Eng J, Goodman SN, Powe NR. Lung cancer screening with helical computed tomography in older adult smokers: a decision and cost-effectiveness analysis. JAMA 2003; 289(3): 313-22.

75. van Klaveren RJ, Oudkerk M, Prokop M, Scholten ET, Nackaerst K, Vernhout R, et al. Management of lung nodules detected by volume CT scanning. New Engl J Med 2009; 361: 2221-9.

76. The National Lung Screening Trial Research Team. Reduced lung cancer mortality with low dose computed tomographic screening. New Engl J Med 2011: 365: 395-409.

77. The International Early Lung Cancer Action Program Investigators. Survival of patients with stage I lung cancer detected on CT screening. New Engl J Med 2006; 355: 1763-71.

78. Gopal M, Abdullah S, Grady J. Screening for lung cancer with low dose computed tomography. J Thorac Oncol 2010; 5: 1233-9.

79. Cox LS, Clark MM, Jett JR, Patten CA, Schroeder DR, Nirelli LM, et al. Change in smoking status after spiral chest computed tomography scan screening. Cancer 2003; 98: 2495-501.

80. Monteagudo-Canto A, Romero-Sánchez RE, Salazar-Cueto CE. Cáncer de pulmón, propuesta ética para agilizar su diagnóstico. Rev Hum Med 2007; 7(2): 1-33.

81. Myrdal G, Lambe M, Hillerdal G, Lamberg K, Aqustsson T, Ståhl E. Effect of delays on prognosis in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer. Thorax 2004; 59: 45-9.

82. British Thoracic Society. BTS recommendations to respiratory physicians for organizing the care of patients with lung cancer: The Lung Cancer Working Party of the BTS Standards of Care Committee. Thorax 1998; 1: S1-S8.

83. American Thoracic Society/European respiratory Society. Pretreatment evaluation of non-small cell lung cancer. The American Thoracic Society and the European Respiratory Society. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156: 320-32.

84. Wynants J, Stroobants S, Dooms C, Vansteenkiste J. Staging of lung cancer. Radiol Clin N Am 2007; 45: 609-25.

85. Gould MK, McLean CC, Kuschner WG, Rydzak CE, Owens DK. Accuracy of positron emission tomography for diagnosis of pulmonary nodules and mass lesions. A meta-analysis. JAMA 2001; 285: 914-22.

86. Socinski MA, Rivera MA, Halle JS, Detterberck FC, Falen S. Seeking a home for a PET, part 1: defining the appropriate place for positron emission tomography imaging in the diagnosis of pulmonary nodules or masses. Chest 2004; 125: 2294-9.

87. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology. Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Version 3.2011.

88. Spira A, Ettinger DS. Multidisciplinary management of lung cancer. New Engl J Med 2004; 350: 379-92.

89. Detterbeck FC, Jantz MA, Wallace M, Vansteenkiste J, Silvestri GA. Invasive staging of lung cancer. Chest 2007; 132: 202-20.

90. Hensing TA. Clinical evaluation and staging of patients who have lung cancer. Hematol Oncol Clin N Am 2005; 19: 219-35.

91. Cham MD, Lane ME, Henschke CI, Yankelevitz DF. Lung biopsy: special techniques. Sem Resp Crit Care Med 2008; 29: 335-49.

92. Ost D, Shah R, Anasco E, Lusardi L, Doyle J, Austin Ch, et al. A randomized trial of CT fluoroscopic-guided bronchoscopy in patients with suspected lung cancer. Chest 2008; 134: 507-13.

93. Shirakawa T, Imamura F, Hamamoto J, Honda I, Fukushima K, Sugimoto M, et al. Usefulness of endobronchial ultrasonography for transbronchial lung biopsies of peripheral lung lesions. Respiration 2004; 71(3): 260-8.

94. Solli P, Spaggiari L. Indications and development of videoassisted thoracic surgery in the treatment of lung cancer. Oncologist 2007; 12: 1205-14.

95. Goldstraw P. IASLC Staging Manual in Thoracic Oncology. International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer 2009.

96. Mountain CF. Revisions in the International System for staging lung cancer. Chest 1997; 111: 1710-7.

97. Goldstraw P, Crowley JJ. IASLC International Staging Project. The International Association for the Study of Lung Cancer International Staging Project on Lung Cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2006; 1: 281-6.

98. Rusch V, Asamura H, Watanabe H, Giroux DJ, Rami-Porta R, Goldstraw P, Members of IASLC Staging Committee. The IASLC Lung Cancer Staging Project: a proposal for a new international node map in the forthcoming seventh edition of the TNM classification for lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2009; 4: 568-77.

99. Webb WR, Gatsonis C, Zerhouni EA, Heelan RT, Glazer GM, Francis IR, et al. CT and MR imaging in staging in non-small cell bronchogenic carcinoma: report of the Radiologic Diagnostic Oncology Group. Radiology 1991; 178: 705-13.

100. Fletcher JW, Djulbegovic B, Soares HP, Siegel BA, Lowe VJ, Lyman GH, et al. Recommendations on the Use of 18F-FDG PET in Oncology. J Nucl Med 2008; 49(3): 480-508.

101. Fischer B, Lassen U, Mortensen J, Larsen S, Loft A, Bertelsen A, et al. Preoperative staging of lung cancer with combined PET-CT. N Engl J Med 2009; 361: 32-9.

102. Loscertales J, Jimenez-Merchan R, Congregado M, Ayarra FJ, Gallardo G, Triviño A. Video-assisted surgery for lung cancer. State of the art and personal experience. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann 2009; 17: 313-26.

103. The Canadian Lung Oncology Group. Investigation for mediastinal disease in patients with apparently operable lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 1995; 60: 1382-9.

104. Gould MK, Kuschner WG, Rydzak CE, Maclean CC, Demas AN, Shigemitsu H, et al. Test performance of positron emission tomography and computed tomography for mediastinal staging in patients with non small-cell lung cancer: a metaanalysis. Ann Intern Med 2003; 139(11): 879-92.

105. Birim O, Kappetein AP, Stijnen T, Bogers AJ. Meta-analysis of positron emission tomographic and computed tomographic imaging in detecting mediastinal lymph node metastases in non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 2005; 79: 375-82.

106. Kim ES, Bosquée L. The importance of accurate lymph node staging on early and locally advanced Non-small cell lung cancer: An update on available techniques. J Thorac Oncol 2007; 2: S59-S67.

107. Kimura H, Iwai N, Ando S, Kakizawa K, Yamamoto N, Hoshino H, et al. A prospective study of indications for mediastinoscopy in lung cancer with CT findings, tumor size and tumor markers. Ann Thorac Oncol 2003; 75: 1734-9.

108. Venissac N, Alifano M, Mouroux J. Video-assisted mediastinoscopy: experience from 240 consecutive cases. Ann Thorac Surg 2003; 76(1): 208-12.

109. Yasufuku K, Nakajima T, Motoori K, Sekine Y, Shibuya K, Hiroshima K, et al. Comparison of endobronchial ultrasound, positron emission tomography, and computed tomography for lymph node staging of lung cancer. Chest 2006; 130: 710-8.

110. Gupta NC, Rogers JS, Graeber GM, Gregory JL, Waheed U, Mullet D, et al. Clinical role of F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose positron emission tomography imaging in patients with lung cancer and suspected malignant pleural effusion. Chest 2002; 122: 1918-24.

111. American Thoracic Society. Management of malignant pleural effusions. Am J Respir Crti Care Med 2000; 162: 1987-2001.

112. Tan C, Sedrakyan A, Browne J, Swift S, Treasure T. The evidence on the effectiveness of management for malignant pleural effusion: a systematic review. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2006; 29: 829-38.

113. Travis WD, Muller-Hermelink HK. World Health Organization classification of tumors: pathology and genetics of tumors of the lung, pleura and heart. IARC Press, 2004.

114. Wallace WAH. The challenge of classifying poorly in the lung. Histopathology 2009; 54: 28-42.

115. Kerr KM. Pulmonary adenocarcinomas: classification and reporting. Histopathology 2009: 54: 12-27.

116. Travis WD. Reporting lung cancer pathology specimens. Impact of the anticipated 7th Edition TNM Classification based on recommendations of the IASLC Staging Committee. Histopathology 2009; 54: 3-11.

117. Schwartz AM, Henson DE. Diagnostic surgical pathology in lung cancer: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines. Chest 2007; 132(Suppl. 3): 78S-93S.

118. Gellert A, Rudd RM, Sinha G, Geddes DM. Fibreoptic bronchoscopy: effect of multiple bronchial biopsies on diagnostic yield in bronchial carcinoma. Thorax 1982; 37(9): 684-7.

119. Sturgis CD, Nassar DL, D´Antonio JA, Raab SS. Cytologic features useful for distinguishing small cell from non-small cell carcinoma in bronchial brush and wash specimens. Am J Clin Pathol 2000; 114(2): 197-202.

120. Cameron SEH, Andrade RS, Pambuccinan SE. Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration cytology: a state-of-the-art review. Citopathology 2010; 21: 6-26.

121. Schreiber G, McCrory DC. Performance characteristics different modalities for diagnosis of suspected lung cancer: summary of published evidence. Chest 2003; 123(Suppl. 1): 115S-128S.

122. Nicholson SA, Beasley MB, Brambilla E, Hasleton PS, Colby TV, et al. Small cell lung carcinoma (SCLC): a clinicopathologic study of 100 cases with surgical specimens. Am J Surg Pathol 2002; 26(9): 1184-97.

123. Greenberg AK, Yee H, Rom WN. Preneoplastic lesions of the lung. Respir Res 2002; 3: 1-20.

124. Arenberg D. Bronchioloalveolar lung cancer: ACCP evidence- bases clinical practice guidelines. Chest 2007; 132:306- 13S.

125. Sica G, Yoshizawa A, Sima CS, Azzoli CG, Downey RJ, Rusch VW, et al. A grading system of lung adenocarcinomas based on histologic pattern is predictive of disease recurrence in stage I tumors. Am J Surg Pathol 2010; 34(8): 1155-62.

126. Mukhopadhyay S, Katzenstein AL. Subclassi?cation of nonsmall cell lung carcinomas lacking morphologic differentiation on biopsy specimens: utility of an immunohistochemical panel containing TTF-1, napsin A, p63, and CK5/6. Am J Surg Pathol 2011; 35: 15-25.

127. Terry J, Leung S, Laskin J, Leslie KO, Gown AM, Ionescu DN. Optimal immunohistochemical markers for distinguishing lung adenocarcinomas from squamous cell carcinomas in small tumor samples. Am J Surg Pathol 2010; 34(12): 1805-11.

128. Arrieta O, Saavedra-Perez D, Kuri R, Aviles-Salas A, Martinez L, Mendoza-Posada D, et al. Brain metastasis development and poor survival associated with carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) level in advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a prospective analysis. BMC Cancer 2009; 9: 119.

129. Colby TB, Koss MN, Travis WD. Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma. Tumors of the lower respiratory tract. Washington, DC: AFIP; 1994, p. 203-23.

130. Saji H, Tsuboi M, Yoshida K, Kato Y, Nomura M, Matsubayashi J, et al. Prognostic impact of number of resected and involved lymph nodes at complete resection on survival in non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2011; 6(11): 1865-71.

131. Ozasa H, Oguri T, Uemura T, Miyazaki M, Maeno K, Sato S, Ueda R. Significance of thymidylate synthase for resistance to pemetrexed in lung cancer. Cancer Sci 2010; 101(1): 161-6.

132. Jones KD. An update on lung cancer staging. Adv Anat Pathol 2010; 17(1): 33-7.

133. Wu YC, Lin CF, Hsu WH, Huang BS, Huang MH, Wang LS. Long-term results of pathological stage I non-small cell lung cancer: validation of using the number of totally removed lymph nodes as staging control. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2003; 24(6): 994-1001.

134. Ono T, Minamiya Y, Ito M, Saito H, Motoyama S, Nanjo H, Ogawa J. Sentinel node mapping and micrometastasis in patients with clinical stage IA non small cell lung cancer. Interact. Cardiovasc and Thorac Surg 2009; 9(4): 659-61.

135. Robinson BW, Lake RA. Advances in malignant mesothelioma. N Engl J Med 2005; 353(15): 1591-603.

136. Addis B, Roche H. Problems in mesothelioma diagnosis. Histopathology 2009; 54: 55-68.

137. Girard N, Deshpande C, Lau C, Finley D, Rusch V, Pao W, Travis WD. Comprehensive histologic assessment helps to differentiate multiple lung primary nonsmall cell carcinomas from metastases. Am J Surg Pathol 2009; 33(12): 1752-64.

138. Ordoñez NG. The immunochemistry diagnosis of mesothelioma: a comparative study of epithelioid mesothelioma and lung adenocarcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2003; 27(8): 1031-51.

139. Churg A, Cagle, Roggli VL. Tumors of the serosal membranes, AFIP Atlas of Tumor Pathology, Series IV, Fascicle 3, American Registry of Pathology: Washington DC, 2006.

140. Warhol MJ, Hickey WF, Corson JM. Malignant mesothelioma: ultrastructural distinction from adenocarcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 1982; 6(4): 307-14.

141. Newton CR, Graham A, Heptinstall LE, Powell SJ, Summers C, Kalsheker N, Smith JC, et al. Analysis of any point mutation in DNA. The amplification refractory mutation system (ARMS). Nucleic Acids Res 1989; 17(7): 2503-16.

142. Whitcombe D, Theaker J, Guy SP, Brown T, Little S. Detection of PCR products using self-probing amplicons and fluorescence. Nature Biotech 1999; 17: 804-7.

143. Thelwell N, Millington S, Solinas A, Booth J, Brown T. Mode of action and application of scorpion primers to mutation detection. Nucleic Acids Research 2000; 28(19): 3752-61.

144. Ordoñez NG. Value of thyroid transcription factor-1 inmmunostaining in distinguishing small cell lung carcinomas from other small cell carcinoma. Am J Surg Pathol 2000; 24(9): 1217-23.

145. Sharma SV, Bell DW, Settleman J, Haber DA. Epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in lung cancer. Nature Reviews Cancer 2007; 7: 169-81.

146. Lynch TJ, Bell DW, Sordella R, Gurubhagavatula S, Okimoto RA, Brannigan BW, et al. Activating mutations in epidermal growth factor receptor underlying responsiveness of nonsmall cell lung cancer to gefitinib. N Engl J Med 2004; 350(21): 2129-39.

147. Jackman DM, Chirieac LR, Janne PA. Bronchioloalveolar carcinoma: a review of the epidemiology, pathology, and treatment. Semin in Respir Critic Care Med 2005: 26(3): 342-52.

148. Gupta R, Dastane AM, Forazan F, Riley-Portuguez A, Chung F, Lopategui J, Marchevsky AM. Evaluation of EGFR abnormalities in patients with pulmonary adenocarcinoma: the need to test neoplasms with more than one method. Mod Pathol 2009; 22(1): 128-33.

149. Herbst RS, Heymach JV, Lippman SM. Lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2008; 359(13): 1367-80.

150. Wei J, Lui B, Cardona AF, Rosell R. Molecular biomarkers for predicting chemotherapy response in lung cancer. Expert Opin Med Diagn 2009; 3(6): 621-9.

151. Maemondo M, Inoue A, Kobayashi K, Sugawara S, Oizumi S, Isobe H, North East Japan Study Group. Gefitinib or chemotherapy for non-small-cell lung cancer with mutated EGFR.N Engl J Med 2010; 362(25):2380-8.

152. Zhou C, Wu YL, Chen G, Feng J, Liu XQ, Wang C, et al. Erlotinib versus chemotherapy as first-line treatment for patients with advanced EGFR mutation-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (OPTIMAL, CTONG-0802): a multicentre, open-label, randomised, phase 3 study. Lancet Oncol 2011; 12(8): 735-42.

153. Campos-Parra AD, Cruz-Rico G, Arrieta O. Personalized treatment in non-small cell lung cancer. Rev Inv Clin 2012; 64(4): 377-86.

154. Arrieta O, Cardona AF, Federico Bramuglia G, Gallo A, Campos- Parra AD, Serrano S, et al. Genotyping Non-small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) in Latin American. J Thorac Oncol 2011; 6(11): 1955-9.

155. Bronte G, Rizzoa S, La Pagliaa L, Adamob V, Siragusac S, Ficorellad C, et al. Driver mutations and differential sensitivity to targeted therapies: a new approach to the treatment of lung adenocarcinoma. Cancer Treat Rev 2010; 36S3: S21-S9.

156. Downward J. Targeting RAS signaling pathways in cancer therapy. Nature Rev Cancer 2003; 3(1): 11-22.

157. Riely GJ, Kris MG, Rosenbaum D. Frequency and distinctive spectrum of kras mutations in never smokers with lung adenocarcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 2008; 14: 5731-4.

158. Soda M, Choi YL, Enomoto M, Takada S, Yamashita Y, Ishikawa S, Fujiwara S, et al. Identification of the transforming EML4-ALK fusion gene in non-small-cell lung cancer. Nature 2007; 448(7153): 561-6.

159. Kwak EL, Bang YJ, Camidge DR, Shaw AT, Solomon B, Maki RG, et al. Anaplastic lymphoma kinase inhibition in non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2010; 363(18): 1693-703.

160. Olaussen KA, Dunant A, Fouret P, Brambilla E, André F, Haddad V, Taranchon E, et al. DNA repair by ERCC1 in non-small-cell lung cancer and cisplatin-based adjuvant chemotherapy. N Engl J Med 2006; 355: 983-91.

161. Joerger M, de Jong D, Burylo A, Burgers JA, Baas P, Huitema AD, et al. Turbulin BRCA1, ERCC1, abraxas, RAP80 mRNA expression, p53/p21 immunohistochemistry and clinical outcome in patients with advanced non small-cell lung cancer receiving first-line platinum-gemcitabine chemotherapy. Lung Cancer 2011; 74(2): 310-7.

162. Lord RV, Brabender J, Gandara D, Alberola V, Camps C, Domine M, et al. Low ERCC1 expression correlates with prolonged survival after cisplatin plus gemcitabine chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2002; 8(7): 2286-91.

163. Rosell R, Felip E, Taron M, Majo J, Mendez P, Sanchez-Ronco M, et al. Gene expression as a predictive marker of outcome in stage IIB-IIIA-IIIB non-small cell lung cancer after induction gemcitabine-based chemotherapy followed by resectional surgery. Clin Cancer Res 2004; 10 (12Pt 2): 4215s-19s.

164. Rosell R, Skrzypski M, Jassem E, Taron M, Bartolucci R, Sanchez JJ, et al. BRCA1: a novel prognostic factor in resected non-small-cell lung cancer. PLoS ONE 2007; 2(11): e1129.

165. Quinn JE, Kennedy RD, Mullan PB, Gilmore PM, Carty M, Johnston PG, Harkin DP. BRCA1 functions as a differential modulator of chemotherapy-induced apoptosis. Cancer Res 2003; 63(19): 6221-8.

166. Butnor KJ, Beasley MB, Cagle PT, Grunberg SM, Kong FM, Marchevsky A, et al. Protocol for the examination of specimens from patients with primary non-small cell carcinoma, small cell carcinoma, or carcinoid tumor of the lung. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2009; 133(10): 1552-9.

167. van Tilburg P, Stam H, Hoogsteden H, van Klaveren RJ. Preoperative pulmonary evaluation of lung cancer patients: a review of the literature. Eur Respir J 2009; 33: 1206-15.

168. Brunelli A, Rocco G. Spirometry: predicting risk and outcome. Thorac Surg Clin 2008; 18: 1.8.

169. Manser R, Wright G, Hart D, Byrnes G, Campbell D. Surgery for early stage non-small cell lung cancer. The Cochrane Library 2009; doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004699.pub2

170. Scott W, Howington J, Feigenberg S, Movsas B, Pisters K. Treatment of non-small cell lung cancer stage I and stage II: ACCP evidence-based chest clinical practice guidelines (2nd Edition). Chest 2007; 132: 234-42.

171. Ginsberg R, Rubinstein LV. Randomized trial of lobectomy versus limited resection for T1 NO non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 1995; 60: 615-23.

172. Bordoni R. Consensus conference: multimodality management of early-and intermediate-stage non-small cell lung cancer. The Oncologist 2008; 13: 945-53.

173. Farjah F, Flum DR, Varghese TK, Symons RG, Wood DE. Surgeon specialty and long-term survival after pulmonary resection of lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 2009; 87: 995- 1006.

174. Shintani Y, Ohta M, Iwasaki T, Ikeda N, Kanou T, Tomita E, et al. Intraoperative pleural lavage cytology after lung resection as an independent prognostic factor for staging lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2009; 137(4): 835-9.

175. Lim E, Clough R, Goldstraw P, Edmonds L, Aokage K, Yoshida J, et al. Impact of positive pleural lavage cytology on survival in patients having lung resection for non–small-cell lung cancer: An international individual patient data metaanalysis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010; 139(6): 1441-6.

176. Deslauriers J, Tronc F, Grégoire J. History and current status of bronchoplastic surgery for lung cancer. Gen Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2009; 57: 3-9.

177. Ferguson M, Lehman A. Sleeve lobectomy or pneumonectomy: optimal management strategy using decision analysis techniques. Ann Thorac Surg 2003; 76: 1782-8.

178. Pettiford B, Schuchert M, Santos R, Landreneau R. Role of sub-lobar resection (segmentectomy and wedge resection) in the surgical management of non–small cell lung cancer. Thorac Surg Clin 2007; 17: 175-90.

179. Nakamura H, Kawasaki N, Taguchi M, Kabasawa K. Survival following lobectomy vs. limited resection for stage I lung cancer: a meta-analysis. Br J Cancer 2005; 92: 1033-7.

180. Chamogeorgakis T, Ieromonachos C, Georgiannakis E, Mallios D. Does lobectomy achieve better survival and recurrence rates than limited pulmonary resection for T1N0M0 non-small cell lung cancer patients? Interac CardioVascular Thoracic Surg 2009; 8: 364-72.

181. Rusch VW, Crowley J, Giroux D, Goldstraw P, Im JG, Tsuboi M, et al. The IASLC Lung Cancer Staging Project: proposals for the revision of the N descriptors in the forthcoming seventh edition of the TNM Classification for lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2007; 2: 603-12.

182. Rami-Portaa R, Wittekindb C, Goldstraw P. Complete resection in lung cancer surgery: proposed definition. Lung Cancer 2005; 49: 25-33.

183. Wei S, Asamura H, Kawachi R, Sakurai H, Watanabe S. Which is the better prognostic factor for resected NSCLC? The number of metastatic lymph nodes or the currently used nodal stage classification? J Thorac Oncol 2011; 6(2): 310-8.

184. Gajra A, Newman N, Gamble G, Kohman L, Graziano S. Effect of number of lymph nodes sampled on outcome in patients with stage i non–small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21: 1029-34.

185. Nomori H, Ohba Y, Shibata H, Shiraishi K, Mori T, Shiraishi S. Required area of lymph node sampling during segmentectomy for clinical stage IA non–small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010; 139(1): 38-42.

186. Ishiguro F, Matsuo K, Fukui T, Mori S, Hatooka S, Mitsudomi T. Effect of selective lymph node dissection based on patterns of lobe-specific lymph node metastases on patient outcome in patients with resectable non-small cell lung cancer: A large-scale retrospective cohort study applying a propensity score. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010; 139: 1001-6.

187. Darling GE, Allen MS, Decker PA, Ballman K, Malthaner RA, Inculet RI, et al. Randomized trial of mediastinal lymph node sampling versus complete lymphadenectomy during pulmonary resection in the patient with N0 or N1 (less than hilar) non-small cell carcinoma: Results of the American College of Surgery Oncology Group Z0030. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2011; 141(3): 662-70.

188. Allen MS, Darling GE, Pechet TT, Mitchell JD, Herndon JE 2nd, Landreneau RJ, et al. Study morbidity and mortality of major pulmonary resections in patients with early-stage lung cancer: initial results of the randomized, prospective ACOSOG Z0030 Trial. Ann Thorac Surg 2006; 81:1013-20.

189. Zhong W, Yang X, Bai J, Yang Jinji, Manegold C, Wu Y. Complete mediastinal lymphadenectomy: the core component of the multidisciplinary therapy in resectable non-small cell lung cancer. Eur J Cardio-thoracic Sur 2008; 34: 187-95.

190. lzbicki J, Passlick B, Pantel K, Pichimeier U, Hosch SB, Karg O, Thetter O. Effectiveness of radical systematic mediastinal lymphadenectomy in patients with resectable non-small cell lung cancer. Results of a prospective randomized trial. Ann Surgery 1988; 227: 138-44.

191. Sugi K, Nawata K, Fujita N, Ueda K, Tanaka T, Matsuoka T, et al. Systematic lymph node dissection for clinically diagnosed peripheral non-small-cell lung cancer less than 2 cm in diameter. World J Surg 1998; 22(3): 290-5.

192. Wu Y, Huang Z, Wang S, Yang X, Ou W. A randomized trial of systematic nodal dissection in resectable non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2002; 36: 1-6.

193. Wright G, Manser RL, Byrnes G, Hart D, Campbell D. Surgery for non-small cell lung cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. Thorax 2006; 61: 597-603.

194. Darling GE, Allen MS, Decker PA, Ballman K, Malthaner RA, Inculet RI, Jones DR, et al. Number of lymph nodes harvested from a mediastinal lymphadenectomy: Results of the randomized, prospective ACOSOG Z0030 trial. Chest 2011; 139(5): 1124-9.

195. Detterbeck F. What to do with “surprise” N2? Intraoperative management of patients with non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2008; 3: 289-302.

196. Liptay MJ. Sentinel node mapping in lung cancer: the Holy Grail? Ann Thorac Surg 2008; 85(2): S778-9.

197. Custodio A, González-Larriba J, Jana Bobokova J, Calles A. Prognostic and predictive markers of benefit from adjuvant chemotherapy in early-stage non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2009; 4: 891-910.

198. Non-small Cell Lung Cancer Collaborative Group. Chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis using updated data on individual patients from 52 randomized clinical trials. BMJ 1995; 311: 899-909.

199. The International Adjuvant Lung Cancer Trial Collaborative Group. Cisplatin-based adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with completely resected non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 351-60.

200. Spiro SG, Rudd RM, Souhami RL, Brown J, Fairlamb DJ, Gower NH, et al. Chemotherapy versus supportive care in advanced non-small cell lung cancer: improved survival without detriment to quality of life. Thorax 2004; 59: 828-36.

201. Scagliotti G. The ALPI Trial: The Italian/European experience with adjuvant chemotherapy in resectable non-small lung cancer. Clin Cancer Res 2005; 11(13 Suppl.): 5011s-6s.

202. Winton T, Livingston R, Johnson D, Rigas J, Johnston M, Butts C, et al. Trial Investigators. Vinorelbine plus cisplatin vs. observation in resected NSCLC. N Engl J Med 2005; 352(25): 2589-97.

203. Douillard J, Rosell R, De Lena M, Carpagnano F, Ramlau R, Gonzáles-Larriba JL, et al. Adjuvant vinorelbine plus cisplatin versus observation in patients with completely resected stage IB–IIIA non-small cell lung cancer (Adjuvant Navelbine International Trialist Association [ANITA]): a randomized controlled trial. Lancet Oncol 2006; 7(9): 719-27.

204. Sedrakyan A, van Der Meulen J, O’Byrne K, Prendiville J. Postoperative chemotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2004; 128: 414-9.

205. Hotta K, Matsuo K, Ueoka H, Kiura K, Tabata M, Tanimoto M. Role of adjuvant chemotherapy in patients with resected non-small-cell lung cancer: reappraisal with a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22: 3860-7.

206. Pisters K, Le Chevalier T. Adjuvant chemotherapy in completely resected non–small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23: 3270-8.

207. NCCN. Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology-Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. V.1.2010.

208. PORT Meta-analysis Trialists Group. Postoperative radiotherapy in non-small-cell lung cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis of individual patient data from nine randomized controlled trials. Lancet 1998; 352: 257-63.

209. Lally BE, Zelterman D, Colasanto JM, Haffty BG, Detterbeck FC, Wilson LD. Postoperative radiotherapy for stage II or III non-small-cell lung cancer using the Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results Database. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24(19):2998-3006.

210. Douillard J, Rosell R, De Lena M, Riggi M, Hurteloup P, Mahe MA. Adjuvant Navelbine International Trialist Association. Impact of postoperative radiation therapy on survival in patients with complete resection and stage I, II, or IIIa non– small-cell lung cancer treated with adjuvant chemotherapy: The Adjuvant Navelbine International Trialist Association (ANITA) Randomized Trial. Int J Radiation Oncology Biol Phys 2008; 72(3): 695-701.

211. Senan S, Chapet O, Lagerwaard F, Ten Haken R. Defining target volumes for non-small cell lung carcinoma. Semin Radiat Oncol 2004; 14(4): 308-14.

212. Rowell NP, Williams C. Radical radiotherapy for stage I/II non-small cell lung cancer in patients not sufficiently fit for or declining surgery (medically inoperable). Cochrane Data of Systematic Reviews 2001; 1. Doi: 10.1002/ 14651858.CD002935.

213. Powell J, Dexter E, Scalzetti E, Bogart J. Treatment advances for medically inoperable non-small-cell lung cancer: emphasis on prospective trials. Lancet Oncol 2009; 10: 885-94.

214. Onishi H, Shirato H, Nagata Y, Hiraoka M, Fujino M, Gomi K, et al. Hypofractionated stereotactic radiotherapy (Hypo- FXSRT) for stage I non-small cell lung cancer: updated results of 257 patients in Japanese multi-institutional study. J Thorac Oncol 2007; 2: S94-S100.

215. Stephans K, Djemil T, Reddy CA, Gajdos SM, Kolar M, Mason D, et al. A comparison of two stereotactic body radiation fractionation schedules for medically inoperable stage I nonsmall cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2009; 4: 976-82.

216. Simon C, Dupuy M, Di Petrillo T, Safran H. Pulmonary radiofrequency ablation: long-term safety and efficacy in 153 patients. Radiology 2007; 243: 269-75.

217. Lencioni R, Crocetti L, Cioni R, Suh R, Glenn D, Regge D, et al. Response to radiofrequency ablation of pulmonary tumours: a prospective, intention-to-treat, multicentre clinical trial (the RAPTURE study). Lancet Oncol 2008; 9(7): 621-8.

218. Baba F, Shibamoto Y, Ogino H, Murata R, Sugie C, Iwata H, et al. Clinical outcomes of stereotactic body radiotherapy for stage I non-small cell lung cancer using different doses depending on tumor size. Radiat Oncol 2010; 5: 81.

219. Timmerman R, Paulus R, Galvin J, Michalski J, Straube W, Bradley J, et al. Stereotactic body radiation therapy for inoperable early stage lung Cancer. JAMA 2010; 303(11): 1070-6.

220. Cornelis J, Haasbeek, Frank J, Lagerwaard BJ, Slotman, Senan S. Outcomes of stereotactic ablative radiotherapy for centrally located early-stage lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2011; 6: 2036-43.

221. Shaw J, Dembitzer F, Wisnivesky JP, Litle VR, Weiser TS, Yun J, Chin C, Swanson SJ. Video-assisted thoracoscopic lobectomy: state of the art and future directions. Ann Thorac Surg 2008; 85(2): S705–S709.

222. McKenna R, Houck W, Fuller CB. Video-assisted thoracic surgery lobectomy: experience with 1,100 cases. Ann Thorac Surg 2006; 81: 421-6.

223. WJ Scott, MS Allen, Darling G, Meyers B, Decker PA, Putnam JB, et al. Video-assisted thoracic surgery versus open lobectomy for lung cancer: A secondary analysis of data from the American College of Surgeons Oncology Group Z0030 randomized clinical trial. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010; 139: 976-83.

224. Whitson BA, Groth SS, Duval SJ, Swanson SJ, Maddaus MA. Surgery for early-stage non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review of the video-assisted thoracoscopic surgery versus thoracotomy approaches to lobectomy. Ann Thorac Surg 2008; 86(6): 2008-18.

225. Yan T, Black D, Bannon P, McCaughan B. Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized and nonrandomized trials on safety and efficacy of video-assisted thoracic surgery lobectomy for early-stage non–small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 2553-62.

226. Oliaro A, Filosso PL, Cavallo A, Giobbe R, Mossetti C, Lyberis P, et al. The significance of intrapulmonary metastasis in non-small cell lung cancer: upstaging or down-staging? A reappraisal for the next TNM staging system. Eur J Cardio-thoracic Surg 2008; 34: 438.

227. Pisters KM, Vallières E, Crowley JJ, Franklin WA, Bunn PA Jr, Ginsberg RJ, et al. Surgery with or without preoperative paclitaxel and carboplatin in early-stage non–smallcell lung cancer: Southwest Oncol. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28(11): 1843-49.

228. Felip E, Rosell R, Maestre JA, Rodríguez-Paniagua JM, Mora T, Astudillo J, et al. Preoperative chemotherapy plus surgery versus surgery plus adjuvant chemotherapy versus surgery alone in early-stage non–small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28: 3138-45.

229. Carr DR, Childs DS, Lee RE. Radiotherapy plus 5-FU compared to radiotherapy alone for inoperable an unresectable bronchogenic carcinoma. Cancer 1972; 29(2): 375-80.

230. Blanke C, Ansari R, Mantravadi R, Gonin R, Tokars R, Fisher W, et al. Phase III trial of thoracic irradiation with or without cisplatin for locally advanced unresectable non-small-cell lung cancer: a Hoosier Oncology Group protocol. J Clinic Oncol 1995; 13(6): 1425-9.

231. Trovò MG, Zanelli GD, Minatel E, Franchin G, Gobitti C. Radiotherapy versus radiotherapy enhanced by cisplatin in stage III non-small cell lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1992; 24(3): 573-4.

232. Morton RF, Jett JR, McGinnis WL, Earle JD, Therneau TM, Krook JE, et al. Thoracic radiation therapy alone compared with combined chemoradiotherapy for locally unresectable non-small cell lung cancer. A randomized, phase III trial. Ann Intern Med 1991; 115(9): 681-6.

233. Schaake-Koning C, van den Bogaert W, Dalesio O, Festen J, Hoogenhout J, van Houtte P, et al. Effects of concomitant cisplatin and radiotherapy on inoperable non-small-cell lung cancer. New Engl J Med 1992; 326(8): 524-30.

234. Pritchard RS, Anthony SP. Chemotherapy plus radiotherapy compared with radiotherapy alone in the treatment of locally advanced, unresectable, non-small-cell lung cancer. Ann Inter Med 1996; 125(9): 723-9.

235. Rowell NP, O’Rourke NP. Concurrent chemoradiotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; 16(6): CD002140.

236. Aupérin A, Le Péchoux C, Rolland E, Curran WJ, Furuse K, Fournel P, et al. Meta-analysis of concomitant versus sequential radiochemotherapy in locally advanced non small cell cancer lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28(13): 2181-90.

237. Vokes EE, Herndon JE 2nd, Kelley MJ, Cicchetti MG, Ramnath N, Neill H, et al. Cancer and Leukemia Group B. Induction chemotherapy followed by chemoradiotherapy compared with chemoradiotherapy alone for regionally advanced unresectable stage III non small cell cancer lung cancer: Cancer and Leukemia Group B. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25(13): 1698-704.

238. Fournel P, Robinet G, Thomas P, Souquet PJ, Léna H, Vergnenégre A, et al. Randomized phase III trial of sequential chemoradiotherapy compared with concurrent chemoradiotherapy in locally advanced non small cell cancer lung cancer: Groupe Lyon-Saint-Etienne d’Oncologie Thoracique â Groupe Francais de Pneumo-Cancerologie NPC 95-01 Study. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23(25): 5910-7.

239. Wang L, Correa CR, Zhao L, Hayman J, Kalemkerian GP, Lyons S, et al. The effect of radiation dose and chemotherapy on overall survival in 237 patients with stage III non small cell cancer lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2009; 73(5): 1383-90.

240. Curran WJ, Paulus R, Langer CJ, Komaki R, Lee JS, Hauser S, et al. Sequential vs. concurrent chemoradiation for stage III non-small cell lung cancer: randomized phase III trial RTOG 9410. J Natl Cancer Inst 2011; 103(19): 1452-60.

241. Auperin A, Le Péchoux C, Pignon JP, Koning C, Jeremic B, Clamon G, et al. Meta-Analysis of Cisplatin/carboplatin based Concomitant Chemotherapy in non-small cell Lung Cancer (MAC3-LC) Group. Concomitant radio-chemotherapy based on platin compounds in patients with locally advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC): a meta-analysis of individual data from 1764 patients. Ann Oncol 2006; 17(3): 473-83.

242. Blumenschein GR, Paulus R, Curran WJ, Robert F, Fossella F, Werner-Wasik M, et al. Phase II study of cetuximab in combination with chemoradiation in patients with stage IIIa/b non small cell cancer lung cancer: RTOG 0324. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29(17): 2312-8.

243. Ramalingam S, Belani C. Systemic chemotherapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer: recent advances and future directions. The Oncologist 2008; 13(Suppl. 1): 5-13.

244. Grossi F, Aita M, Follador A, Defferrari C, Brianti A, Sinaccio G, Belvedere O. Sequential, alternating, and maintenance/ consolidation chemotherapy in advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a review of the literature. Oncologist 2007; 12(4): 451-64.

245. Hanna, N, Neubauer M, Yiannoutsos C, McGarry R, Arseneau J, Ansari R, et al. Phase III study of cisplatin, etoposide, and concurrent chest radiation with or without consolidation docetaxel in patients with inoperable stage III non small cell cancer lung cancer: The Hoosier Oncology Group and U.S. Oncology. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26(35): 5755-60.

246. Jain AK, Hughes RS, Sandler AB, Dowlati A, Schwartzberg LS, Dobbs T, et al. A phase II study of concurrent chemoradiation with weekly docetaxel, carboplatin, and radiation therapy followed by consolidation chemotherapy with docetaxel and carboplatin for locally advanced inoperable non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). J Thorac Oncol 2009; 4(6): 722-7.

247. Gandara DR, Chansky K, Albain KS, Leigh BR, Gaspar LE, Lara PN Jr, et al. Consolidation docetaxel after concurrent chemoradiotherapy in stage IIIB non small cell cancer lung cancer: phase II Southwest Oncology Group Study S9504. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21(10): 2004-10.

248. Kelly K, Chansky K, Gaspar LE, Albain KS, Jett J, Ung YC, et al. Phase III trial of maintenance gefitinib or placebo after concurrent chemoradiotherapy and docetaxel consolidation in inoperable stage III non small cell cancer lung cancer: SWOG S0023. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26(15): 2450-6.

249. Vokes EE, Senan S, Treat JA, Iscoe NA. PROCLAIM: a phase III study of pemetrexed, cisplatin, and radiation therapy followed by consolidation pemetrexed versus etoposide, cisplatin, and radiation therapy followed by consolidation cytotoxic chemotherapy of choice in locally advanced stage III nonsmall- cell lung cancer of other than predominantly squamous cell histology. Clin Lung Cancer 2009; 10(3): 193-8.

250. Robnett TJ, Machtay M, Stevenson JP, Algazy KM, Hahn SM. Factors affecting the risk of brain metastases after definitive chemoradiation for locally advanced non small cell cancer lung carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19(5): 1344-9.

251. Gore EM, Bae K, Wong SJ, Sun A, Bonner JA, Schild SE, et al. Phase III comparison of prophylactic cranial irradiation versus observation in patients with locally advanced non small cell cancer lung cancer: primary analysis of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group Study RTOG 0214. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29(3): 272-8.

252. Auperin A, Arriagada R, Pignon JP, Le Péchoux C, Gregor A, Stephens RJ, et al. Prophylactic cranial irradiation for patients with small-cell lung cancer in complete remission. N Engl J Med 1999; 341(7): 476-84.

253. Lester JF, Coles B, Macbeth FR. Prophylactic cranial irradiation for preventing brain metastases in patients undergoing radical treatment for non-small cell lung cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; 18(2): CD005221.

254. Tieu BH, Sanborn RE, Thomas CR Jr. Neoadjuvant therapy for resectable non-small cell lung cancer with mediastinal lymph node involvement. Thorac Surg Clin 2008; 18(4): 403-15.

255. Robinson LA, Ruckdeschel JC, Wagner H Jr, Stevens CW; American College of Chest Physicians. Treatment of nonsmall cell lung cancer-stage IIIA. ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (2nd edition). Chest 2007; 132(Suppl. 3): 243S-S265.

256. Lorent N, De Leyn P, Lievens Y, Verbeken E, Nackaerts K, Dooms C, et al. Long-term survival of surgically staged IIIAN2 non-small-cell lung cancer treated with surgical combined modality approach: analysis of a 7-year prospective experience. Ann Oncol 2004; 15(11): 1645-53.

257. Garrido P, González-Larriba JL, Insa A, Provencio M, Torres A, Isla D, et al. Long-term survival associated with complete resection after induction chemotherapy in stage IIIA (N2) and IIIB (T4N0-1) non small cell cancer lung cancer patients: The Spanish Lung Cancer Group Trial 9901. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25(30): 4736-42.

258. Meko J, Rusch VW. Neoadjuvant therapy and surgical resection for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Semin Radiat Oncol 2000; 10(4): 324-32.

259. Rusch VW, Giroux DJ, Kraut MJ, Crowley J, Hazuka M, Winton T, et al. Induction chemoradiation and surgical resection for superior sulcus non small cell cancer lung carcinomas: long-term results of Southwest Oncology Group Trial 9416 (Intergroup Trial 0160). J Clin Oncol 2007; 25(3): 313-8.

260. Martini N, Kris MG, Flehinger BJ, Gralla RJ, Bains MS, Burt ME, et al. Preoperative chemotherapy for stage IIIA (N2) lung cancer: The Sloan-Kettering experience with 136 patients. Ann Thorac Surg 1993; 55(6): 1365-74.

261. van Meerbeeck JP, Kramer GW, Van Schil PE, Legrand C, Smit EF, Schramel F, et al. European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer-Lung Cancer Group. Randomized controlled trial of resection versus radiotherapy after induction chemotherapy in stage IIIA-N2 non small cell cancer lung cancer. J Natl Cancer Instit 2007; 99(6): 442-50.

262. Weder W, Collaud S, Eberhardt WE, Hillinger S, Welter S, Stahel R, Stamatis G. Pneumonectomy is a valuable treatment option after neoadjuvant therapy for stage III Non small cell cancer lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010; 139(6): 1424-30.

263. Jett JR, Schild SE, Keith RL, Kesler KA; American College of Chest Physicians. Treatment of non-small cell lung cancer, stage IIIB: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (2nd edition). Chest 2007; 132(Suppl. 3): 266S-276S.

264. Gilligan D, Nicolson M, Smith I, Groen H, Dalesio O, Goldstraw P, et al. Preoperative chemotherapy in patients with resectable non-small cell lung cancer: results of the MRC LU22/ NVALT 2/EORTC 08012 multicentre randomised trial and update of systematic review. Lancet 2007; 369(9577): 1929-37.

265. Song WA, Zhou NK, Wang W, Chu XY, Liang CY, Tian XD, et al. Survival benefit of neoadjuvant chemotherapy in nonsmall cell lung cancer: an updated meta-analysis of 13 randomized control trials. J Thorac Oncol 2010; 5(4): 510-6.

266. Bradbury PA, Shepherd FA. Chemotherapy and surgery for operable NSCLC. Lancet 2007; 369(9577): 1903-4.

267. Albain KS, Swann RS, Rusch VW, Turrisi AT 3rd, Shepherd FA, Smith C, et al. Radiotherapy plus chemotherapy with or without surgical resection for stage III non-small-cell lung cancer: a phase III randomised controlled trial. Lancet 2009; 374(9687): 379-86.

268. Cerfolio RJ, Bryant AS, Jones VL, Cerfolio RM. Pulmonary resection after concurrent chemotherapy and high dose (60Gy) radiation for non-small cell lung cancer is safe and may provide increased survival. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2009; 35(4): 718-23.

269. Sonett JR, Suntharalingam M, Edelman MJ, Patel AB, Gamliel Z, Doyle A, et al. Pulmonary resection after curative intent radiotherapy (> 59 Gy) and concurrent chemotherapy in non small cell cancer lung cancer. Ann Thorac Surg 2004; 78(4): 1200-5.

270. Thomas M, Rübe C, Hoffknecht P, Macha HN, Freitag L, Linder A, et al. Effect of preoperative chemoradiation in addition to preoperative chemotherapy: a randomised trial in stage III non-small-cell lung cancer. Lancet Oncol 2008; 9(7): 636-48.

271. Louie BE, Kapur S, Farivar AS, Youssef SJ, Gorden J, Aye RW, Vallières E. Safety and utility of mediastinoscopy in non-small cell lung cancer in a complex mediastinum. Ann Thorac Surg 2011; 92(1): 278-83.

272. De Waele Ml, Serra-Mitjans M, Hendriks J, Lauwers P, Belda- Sanchis J, Van Schil P, Rami-Porta R. Accuracy and survival of repeat mediastinoscopy after induction therapy for nonsmall cell lung cancer in a combined series of 104 patients. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2008; 33(5): 824-8.

273. Marra A, Hillejan L, Fechner S, Stamatis G. Remediastinoscopy in restaging of lung cancer after induction therapy. J Thoracic Cardiovasc Surg 2008; 135(4): 843-9.

274. Stigt JA, Oostdijk AH, Timmer PR, Shahin GM, Boers JE, Groen HJ. Comparison of EUS-guided fine needle aspiration and integrated PET-CT in restaging after treatment for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2009; 66(2): 198-204.

275. Herth FJ, Annema JT, Eberhardt R, Yasufuku K, Ernst A, Krasnik M, Rintoul RC. Endobronchial ultrasound with transbronchial needle aspiration for restaging the mediastinum in lung Cancer. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26(20): 3346-50.

276. Manser R, Wright G, Hart D, Byrnes G, Campbell DA. Surgery for early stage non-small cell lung cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2005; 25(1): CD004699.

277. Shen KR, Meyers BF, Larner JM, Jones DR; American College of Chest Physicians. Special treatment issues in lung cancer: ACCP evidence-based clinical practice guidelines (2nd edition). Chest 2007; 132(Suppl. 3): 290S-305S.

278. Bradley JD, Paulus R, Graham MV, Ettinger DS, Johnstone DW, Pilepich MV, et al. Phase II trial of postoperative adjuvant paclitaxel/carboplatin and thoracic radiotherapy in resected stage II and IIIA non small cell cancer lung cancer: promising long-term results of the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group RTOG 9705. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23(15): 3480-7.

279. Burdett S, Stewart L. Postoperative radiotherapy in non-smallcell lung cancer: update of an individual patient data metaanalysis. Lung cancer 2005; 47(1): 81-3.

280. Dosoretz DE, Katin MJ, Blitzer PH, Rubenstein JH, Galmarini DH, Garton GR, Salenius SA. Medically inoperable lung carcinoma: the role of radiation therapy. Semin Radiat Oncol 1996; 6(2): 98-104.

281. Bradley JD, Paulus R, Komaki R. Randomized phase III comparision of standard dose (60 Gy) versus high-dose (74 Gy) conformal chemotherapy +/- cetuximab for stage IIIA/IIIB non-small cell lung cancer: Preliminary findings on radiation dose in RTOG 0617. 53rd ASTRO Annual Meeting 2011. Abstract LBA2.

282. Bradley J, Moughan J, Graham MV, Byhardt R, Govindan R, Fowler J, et al. Toxicity and outcome results of RTOG 9311: a phase III dose escalation study using three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy in patients with inoperable non-small cell cancer lung carcinoma. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005; 61(2): 318-28.

283. Kepka L, Tyc-Szczepaniak D, Bujko K. Dose-per-fraction escalation of accelerated hypofractionated three-dimensional conformal radiotherapy in locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2009; 4(7): 853-61.

284. Bogart JA. Hypofractionated radiotherapy for advanced nonsmall- cell lung cancer: is the linac half full? J Clin Oncol 2004; 22(5): 765-8.

285. Saunders M, Dische S, Barrett A, Harvey A, Griffiths G, Palmar M. Continuous, hyperfractionated, accelerated radiotherapy (CHART) versus conventional radiotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer: mature data from the randomised multicentre trial. CHART Steering Committee. Radiother Oncol 1999; 52(2): 137-48.

286. De Ruysscher D, Wanders R, van Haren E, Hochstenbag M, Geraedts W, Pitz C, et al. HI-CHART: a phase I/II study on the feasibility of high-dose continuous hyperfractionated accelerated radiotherapy in patients with inoperable non small cell cancer lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008; 71(1): 132-8.

287. Belani CP, Choy H, Bonomi P, Scott C, Travis P, Haluschak J, Curran WJ Jr. Combined chemoradiotherapy regimens of paclitaxel and carboplatin for locally advanced non small cell cancer lung cancer: a randomized phase II locally advanced multi-modality protocol. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23(25): 5883-91.

288. Abratt RP, Bogart JA, Hunter A. Hypofractionated irradiation for non-small cell lung cancer. Lung cancer 2002; 36(3): 225-33.

289. Routh A, Hickman BT, Khansur T. Report of a prospective trial—split course versus conventional radiotherapy in the treatment of non small cell lung cancer. Radiat Med 1995; 13(3): 115-9.

290. Pérez CA, Stanley K, Grundy G, Hanson W, Rubin P, Kramer S, et al. Impact of irradiation technique and tumor extent in tumor control and survival of patients with unresectable nonoat cell carcinoma of the lung: report by the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group. Cancer 1982; 50(6): 1091-9.

291. Thirion P, Holmberg O, Collins CD, O’Shea C, Moriarty M, Pomeroy M, et al. Escalated dose for non-small-cell lung cancer with accelerated hypofractionated three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy. Radiother Oncol 2004; 71(2): 163-6.

292. Gagel B, Demirel C, Kientopf A, Pinkawa M, Piroth M, Stanzel S, et al. Active breathing control (ABC): determination and reduction of breathing-induced organ motion in the chest. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 67(3): 742-9.

293. Nelson C, Balter P, Morice RC, Bucci K, Dong L, Tucker S, et al. Evaluation of tumor position and PTV margins using image guidance and respiratory gating. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010; 76(5): 1578-85.

294. Rosenzweig KE, Hanley J, Mah D, Mageras G, Hunt M, Toner S, et al. The deep inspiration breath-hold technique in the treatment of inoperable non small cell cancer lung cancer. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2000; 48(1): 81-7.

295. Bradley J, Bae K, Choi N, Forster K, Siegel BA, Brunetti J, et al. A phase II comparative study of gross tumor volume definition with or without PET/CT fusion in dosimetric planning for non-small-cell cancer lung cancer (NSCLC): Primary Analysis of Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG) 0515. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2012; 82(1): 435-41.

296. Bethseda. Prescribing, recording, and reporting photon beam therapy: (supplement to ICRU report 50). International Commission of Radiation Units and Measurements ICRU Report 62 1999.

297. Kong FM, Ritter T, Quint DJ, Senan S, Gaspar LE, Komaki RU, et al. Consideration of dose limits for organs at risk of thoracic radiotherapy: atlas for lung, proximal bronchial tree, esophagus, spinal cord, ribs, and brachial plexus. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2010; 81(5): 1442-57.

298. NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines in Oncology (NCCN Guidelines). Non-Small-Cell Lung Cancer, in v2.2012. 2012, NNCN.org.

299. Kwa SL, Lebesque JV, Theuws JC, Marks LB, Munley MT, Bentel G, et al. Radiation pneumonitis as a function of mean lung dose: an analysis of pooled data of 540 patients. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 1998; 42(1): 1-9.

300. Yuan S, Sun X, Li M, Yu J, Ren R, Yu Y, et al. A randomized study of involved-field irradiation versus elective nodal irradiation in combination with concurrent chemotherapy for inoperable stage III non-small cell lung cancer. Am J Clin Oncol 2007; 30(3): 239-44.

301. Rosenzweig KE, Sura S, Jackson A, Yorke E. Involved-field radiation therapy for inoperable non small cell cancer lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25(35): 5557-61.

302. Belderbos JSA, Kepka L, Spring Kong FM, Martel MK, Videtic GM, Jeremic B. Report from the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) consultants’ meeting on elective nodal irradiation in lung cancer: Non small cell cancer Lung Cancer (NSCLC). Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2008; 72(2): 335-42.

303. Voynov G, Heron DE, Lin CJ, Burton S, Chen A, Quinn A, Santos R, et al. Intraoperative (125)I Vicryl mesh brachytherapy after sublobar resection for high-risk stage I non-small cell lung cancer. Brachytherapy 2005; 4(4): 278-85.

304. Fernando HC, Santos RS, Benfield JR, Grannis FW, Keenan RJ, Luketich JD, et al. Lobar and sublobar resection with and without brachytherapy for small stage IA non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005; 129(2): 261-7.

305. Skowronek J, Kubaszewska M, Kanikowski M, Chichet A, Mytnarczyk W. HDR endobronchial brachytherapy (HDRBT) in the management of advanced lung cancer -comparison of two different dose schedules. Radiother Oncol 2009; 93(3): 436-40.

306. Lester JF, Macbeth FR, Toy E, Coles B. Palliative radiotherapy regimens for non-small cell lung cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2006; 18(4): CD002143.

307. Arrieta O, Gallardo-Rincón D, Villarreal-Garza C, Michel RM, Astorga-Ramos AM, Martínez-Barrera L, de la Garza J. High frequency of radiation pneumonitis in patients with locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer treated with concurrent radiotherapy and gemcitabine after induction with gemcitabine and carboplatin. J Thorac Oncol 2009; 4(7): 845-52.

308. Vokes EE, Herndon JE 2nd, Crawford J, Leopold KA, Perry MC, Miller AA, Green MR. Randomized phase II study of cisplatin with gemcitabine or paclitaxel or vinorelbine as induction chemotherapy followed by concomitant chemoradiotherapy for stage IIIB non small cell cancer lung cancer: Cancer and Leukemia Group B Study 9431. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20(20): 4191-8.

309. Gaissert HA, Keum DY, Wright CD, Ancukiewicz M, Monroe E, Donahue DM, et al. POINT: Operative risk of pneumonectomy- influence of preoperative induction therapy. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2009; 138(2): 289-94.

310. Daly BDT, Cerfolio RJ, Krasna MJ. Role of surgery following induction therapy for stage III non-small cell lung cancer. Surg Oncol Clinic N Am 2011; 20(4): 721-32.

311. Evans NR 3rd, Li S, Wright CD, Allen MS, Gaissert HA. The impact of induction therapy on morbidity and operative mortality after resection of primary lung cancer. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2010; 139(4): 991-6.e1-2.

312. Spigel DR, Hainsworth JD, Yardley DA, Raefsky E, Patton J, Peacock N, Farley C, et al. Tracheoesophageal fistula formation in patients with lung cancer treated with chemoradiation and bevacizumab. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28(1): 43-8.

313. Fry WA, Menck HR, Winchester DP. The National Cancer Data Base Report on lung cancer. Cancer 1996; 77(9): 1947-55.

314. Pignon JP.Chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis using updated data on individual patients from 52 randomised clinical trials. BMJ 1995; 311: 899.

315. NSCLC Meta-Analyses Collaborative Group. Chemotherapy in addition to supportive care improves survival in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: A systematic review and metaanalysis of individual patient data from 16 randomized controlled trials. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26: 4617-25.

316. Brown J, Thorpe H, Napp V, Fairlamb DJ, Gower NH, Milroy R, et al Assessment of quality of life in the supportive care setting of the big lung trial in NSCLC. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23(30): 7417-27.

317. Delbaldo C, Michiels S, Syz N, Soria JC, Le Chevalier T, Pignon JP. Benefits of adding a drug to a single-agent or a 2- agent chemotherapy regimen in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: a meta-analysis. JAMA 2004; 292: 470-84.

318. Lilenbaum RC, Cashy J, Hensing TA, Young S, Cella D. Prevalence of poor performance status in lung cancer patients: implications for research. J Thorac Oncol 2008; 3: 125-9.

319. Langer CJ, O’Byrne KJ, Socinski MA, Mikhailov SM, Leoeniewski- Kmak K, Smakal M, et al. Phase III trial comparing paclitaxel poliglumex (CT-2103, PPX) in combination with carboplatin versus standard paclitaxel and carboplatin in the treatment of PS 2 patients with chemotherapy-naive advanced non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2008; 3(6): 623-30.

320. O’Brien ME, Socinski MA, Popovich AY, Bondarenko IN, Tomova A, Bilynsky BT, et al. Randomized phase III trial comparing single-agent paclitaxel poliglumex (CT-2103, PPX) with single-agent gemcitabine or vinorelbine for the treatment of PS 2 patients with chemotherapy-naive advanced non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorac Oncol 2008; 3: 728-34.

321. Lilenbaum R, Villaflor VM, Langer C, O’Byrne K, O’Brien M, Ross HJ, et al. Single-agent versus combination chemotherapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer and a performance status of 2: prognostic factors and treatment selection based on two large randomized clinical trials. J Thorac Oncol 2009; 4(7): 869-74.

322. The Elderly Lung Cancer Vinorelbine Italian Study Group. Effects of vinorelbine on quality of life and survival of elderly patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. The Elderly Lung Cancer Vinorelbine Italian Study Group. J Natl Cancer Inst 1999; 91(1): 66-72.

323. Kudoh S, Takeda K, Nakagawa K, Takada M, Katakami N, Matsui K, et al. Phase III study of docetaxel compared with vinorelbine in elderly patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: results of the West Japan Thoracic Oncology Group Trial (WJTOG 9904). J Clin Oncol 2006; 24: 3657-63.

324. Perrone F, Gallo C, Cigolari S, Rossi A, Piantedosi F, Barbera S, et al. Chemotherapy for elderly patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: the Multicenter Italian Lung Cancer in the Elderly Study (MILES) phase III randomized trial. J Natl Cancer Inst 2003; 95(5): 362-72.

325. Abe T, Yokoyama A, Takeda K, Ohe Y, Kudoh S, Ichinose Y, et al. Randomized phase III trial comparing weekly docetaxel (D)-cisplatin (P) combination with triweekly D alone in elderly patients (pts) with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): An intergroup trial of JCOG0803/WJOG4307L. In: ASCO annual meeting. Chicago Ill., USA. 2011.

326. Quoix E, Zalcman G, Oster JP, Westeel V, Pichon E, Lavolé A, Intergroupe Francophone de Cancérologie Thoracique. Carboplatin and weekly paclitaxel doublet chemotherapy compared with monotherapy in elderly patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: IFCT-0501 randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet 2011; 17; 378(9796): 1079-88.

327. Schiller JH, Harrington D, Belani CP, Langer C, Sandler A, Krook J, Zhu J, et al. Comparison of four chemotherapy regimens for advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 92-8.

328. Belani CP, Lee JS, Socinski MA, Robert F, Waterhouse D, Rowland K, et al. Randomized phase III trial comparing cisplatin- etoposide to carboplatin-paclitaxel in advanced or metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. Ann Oncol 2005; 16: 1069-75.

329. Kelly K, Crowley J, Bunn PA Jr, Presant CA, Grevstad PK, Moinpour CM, et al. Randomized phase III trial of paclitaxel plus carboplatin versus vinorelbine plus cisplatin in the treatment of patients with advanced non—small-cell lung cancer: a Southwest Oncology Group trial. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19(13): 3210-8.

330. Scagliotti GV, Parikh P, von Pawel J, Biesma B, Vansteenkiste J, Manegold C, et al. Prognostic and predictive factors in a randomized phase III trial comparing cisplatin-pemetrexed versus cisplatin-gemcitabine in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. Ann Oncol 2010; 21: 556-61.

331. Scagliotti G, Hanna N, Fossella F, Sugarman K, Blatter J, Peterson P, et al. The differential efficacy of pemetrexed according to NSCLC histology: a review to two phase III studies. The Oncologist 2009; 14: 253-63.

332. Treat J, Scagliotti GV, Peng G, Monberg MJ, Obasaju CK, Socinski MA. Comparison of pemetrexed plus cisplatin with other first-line doublets in advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): a combined analysis of three phase 3 trials. Lung Cancer 2012; 76(2): 222-7. Doi: 10.1016/ j lungcan.2011.10.021[Epub 2011 Nov 23].

333. Ardizzoni A, Boni L, Tiseo M, Fossella FV, Schiller JH, Paesmans M, et al. For the CISCA (CISplatin versus CArboplatin) Meta-analysis Group cisplatin- versus carboplatin-based chemotherapy in first-line treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: an individual patient data meta-analysis. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007; 99: 847-57.

334. Park JO, Kim SW, Ahn JS, Suh C, Lee JS, Jang JS, et al. Phase III trial of two versus four additional cycles in patients who are non-progressive after two cycles of platinum-based chemotherapy in non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25(33): 5233-9.

335. Smith IE, O’Brien ME, Talbot DC, Nicolson MC, Mansi JL, Hickish TF, et al. Duration of chemotherapy in advanced non-small cell lung cancer: a randomized trial of three versus six courses of mitomycin, vinblastine ans cisplatin. J Clin Oncol 2001; 19: 1336-43.

336. Socinski MA, Schell MJ, Peterman A, Bakri K, Yates S, Gitten R, et al. Phase III trial comparing a defined duration of therapy versus continuous therapy followed by second-line therapy in advanced IIIB/IV non-small cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2002; 20(5): 1335-43.

337. Von Plessen C, Bergman B, Andresen O, Bremnes RM, Sundstrom S, Gilleryd M, et al. Palliative chemotherapy beyond three courses conveys no survival or consistent qualityof- life benefits in advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Br J Cancer 2006; 95(8): 966-73.

338. Pfister DG, Johnson DH, Azzoli CG, Sause W, Smith TJ, Baker S Jr, et al. American Society of Clinical Oncology treatment of unresectable non-small cell lung cancer guideline: update 2003. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22(2): 330-53.

339. Shepherd FA, Rodrigues Pereira J, Ciuleanu T, Tan EH, Hirsh V, Thongprasert S, et al. Erlotinib in previously treated non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2005; 353: 123-32.

340. Thatcher N, Chang A, Parikh P, Rodrigues Pereira J, Ciuleanu T, von Pawel J, et al. Gefitinib plus best supportive care in previously treated patients with refractory advanced non-smallcell lung cancer: results from a randomised, placebocontrolled, multicentre study (IRESSA Survival Evaluation in Lung Cancer). Lancet 2005; 366(9496): 1527-37.

341. Kris MG, Natale RB, Herbst RS, Lynch TJ Jr, Prager D, Belani CP, et al. Efficacy of gefitinib, an inhibitor of the epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase, in symptomatic patients with non-small cell lung cancer: a randomized trial. JAMA 2003; 290(16): 2149-58.

342. Pao W, Miller V, Zakowski M, Doherty J, Politi K, Sarkaria I, Singh B, et al. EGF receptor gene mutations are common in lung cancers from “never smokers” and are associated with sensitivity of tumors to gefitinib and erlotinib. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004; 101(36): 13306-11.

343. Rosell R, Moran T, Queralt C, Porta R, Cardenal F, Camps C, et al. Screening for epidermal growth factor receptor mutations in lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2009; 361: 958-67.

344. Mok TS, Wu YL, Thongprasert S, Yang CH, Chu DT, Saijo N, et al. Gefitinib or carboplatin-paclitaxel in pulmonary adenocarcinoma. N Engl J Med 2009; 361: 947-57.

345. Lee JS, Park K, Kim SW, Lee DH, Kim HT, Han JY. A randomized phase III trial of gefitinib (IRESSA) versus standard chemotherapy (gemcitabine plus cisplatin) as a first-line treatment for never-smokers with advanced or metastatic adenocarcinoma of the lung. J Thorac Oncol 2009; 4: s283-s284.

346. Mitsudomi T, Morita S, Yatabe Y, Negoro S, Okamoto I, Tsurutani J, et al. Gefitinib versus cisplatin plus docetaxel in patients with non-small cell lung cancer harbouring mutations of EGFR (WJTOG3405): an open label, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2010; 11(2): 121-8.

347. Zhou C, Wu YL, Chen G, Feng J, Liu X, Wang C. Efficacy results from the randomised phase III OPTIMAL (CTONG 0802) study comparing first-line erlotinib versus carboplatin plus gemcitabine, in Chinese advanced non-small-cell lung cancer patients with EGFR activating mutations [Abstract]. Ann Oncol 2010; 21: LBA13.

348. Rosell R, Carcereny E, Gervais R, Vergnenegre A, Massuti B, Felip E, et al. Erlotinib versus standard chemotherapy as firstline treatment for European patients with advanced EGFR mutation-positive non-small-cell lung cancer (EURTAC): a multicentre, open-label, randomised phase 3 trial. Lancet Oncol 2012; 13(3): 239-46.

349. Chih-Hsin Yang J, Schuler MH, Yamamoto N, O’Byrne KJ, Hirsh V, Mok T. LUX-Lung 3: A randomized, open-label, phase III study of afatinib versus pemetrexed and cisplatin as first-line treatment for patients with advanced adenocarcinoma of the lung harboring EGFR-activating mutations. J Clin Oncol 2012; 30(Suppl.): abstr LBA7500. 350. Sandler A, Gray R, Perry MC, Brahmer J, Schiller JH, Dowlati A, et al. Paclitaxel-carboplatin alone or with bevacizumab for non-small-cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2006; 355(24): 2542-50.

350. Reck M, von Pawel J, Zatloukal P, Ramlau R, Gorbounova V, Hirsh V, et al. Overall survival with cisplatin-gemcitabine and bevacizumab or placebo as first-line therapy for non-squamous, non-small-cell lung cancer: results from a randomised phase III trial (AVAiL). Ann Oncol 2010; 21(9): 1804-9.

351. Pirker R, Pereira JR, Szczesna A, von Pawel J, Krzakowski M, Ramlau R, et al. Cetuximab plus chemotherapy in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (FLEX): an openlabel randomised phase III trial. Lancet 2009; 373: 1525-31.

352. Lynch TJ, Patel T, Dreisbach L, McCleod M, Heim WJ, Hermann RC, et al. Cetuximab and first-line taxane/carboplatin chemotherapy in advanced non-small cell lung cancer: results of the randomized multicenter phase III Trial BMS099. J Clin Oncol 2010; 28(6): 911-7.

353. O’Byrne KJ, Bondarenko I, Barrios C, Eschbach C, Martens U, Hotko Y, et al. Molecular and clinical predictors of outcome for cetuximab in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): Data from the FLEX study. JCO 2009; 27(15S): abstract #8007.

354. Pirker R, Pereira JR, von Pawel J, Krzakowski M, Ramlau R, Park K, et al. EGFR expression as a predictor of survival for first line chemotherapy plus cetuximab in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: analysis of data from phase 3 FLEX study. Lancet Oncol 2012; 13(1): 33-42.

355. Bang Y, Kwak EL, Shaw AT, Camidge DR, Iafrate AJ, Maki RG, et al. Clinical activity of the oral ALK inhibitor PF- 02341066 in ALK-positive patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). J Clin Oncol 2010; 28:18s, (suppl; abstr 3)

356. Ross Camidge, Yung-Jue Bang, Eunice L Kwak, A John Iafrate, Marileila Varella-Garcia, et al. Activity and safety of crizotinib in patients with ALK-positive non-small-cell lung cancer: updated results from a phase 1 study. Lancet Oncol 2012; 13: 1011-19.

357. Ciuleanu T, Brodowicz T, Zielinski C, Kim JH, Krzakowski M, Laack E, et al. Maintenance pemetrexed plus best supportive care versus placebo plus best supportive care for nonsmall- cell lung cancer: a randomised, double-blind, phase 3 study. Lancet 2009; 374(9699): 1432-40.

358. Paz-Ares L, De Marinis F, Dediu M, Thomas M, Pujol JL, Bidoli P, et al. PARAMOUNT: Phase III study of maintenance pemetrexed (pem) plus best supportive care (BSC) versus placebo plus BSC immediately following induction treatment with pem plus cisplatin for advanced nonsquamous non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). J Clin Oncol 2011; 29(suppl.): abstr CRA7510, ASCO 2011.

359. Fidias PM, Dakhil SR, Lyss AP, Loesch DM, Waterhouse DM, Bromund JL, et al. Phase III study of immediate compared with delayed docetaxel after front-line therapy with gemcitabine plus carboplatin in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27(4): 591-8.

360. Cappuzzo F, Ciuleanu T, Stelmakh L, Cicenas S, Szczesna A, Juhasz E, et al. SATURN: A double-blind, randomized, phase III study of maintenance erlotinib versus placebo following nonprogression with first-line platinum-based chemotherapy in patients with advanced NSCLC. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 407s.

361. Miller VA, O’Connor P, Soh C, Kabbinavar F. A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, phase IIIb trial (ATLAS) comparing bevacizumab (B) therapy with or without erlotinib (E) after completion of chemotherapy with B for first-line treatment of locally advanced, recurrent, or metastatic nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC). J Clin Oncol 2009; 27: 18s.

362. Takeda K, Hida T, Sato T, Ando M, Seto T, Satouchi M, et al. Randomized phase III trial of platinum-doublet chemotherapy followed by gefitinib compared with continued platinumdoublet chemotherapy in Japanese patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer: results of a West Japan Thoracic Oncology Group Trial (WJTOG0203). J Clin Oncol 2010; 28(5): 753-60.

363. Bonfill X, Serra C, Sacristan M, Nogue M, Losa F, Montesinos J. Second-line chemotherapy for non-small cell lung cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2002; (2): CD002804.

364. Di Maio M, Chiodini P, Georgoulias V, Hatzidaki D, Takeda K, Wachters FM, et al. Meta-analysis of single-agent chemotherapy compared with combination chemotherapy as second- line treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2009; 27(11): 1836-43.

365. Shepherd FA, Dancey J, Ramlau R, Mattson K, Gralla R, O’Rourke M, et al. Prospective randomized trial of docetaxel versus best supportive care in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer previously treated with platinum-based chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18(19): 2095-103.

366. Dancey J, Shepherd FA, Gralla RJ, Kim YS. Quality of life assessment of second-line docetaxel versus best supportive care in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer previously treated with platinum-based chemotherapy: results of a prospective, randomized phase III trial. Lung Cancer (Amsterdam, Netherlands) 2004; 43(2): 183-94.

367. Fossella FV, DeVore R, Kerr RN, Crawford J, Natale RR, Dunphy F, et al. Randomized phase III trial of docetaxel versus vinorelbine or ifosfamide in patients with advanced nonsmall- cell lung cancer previously treated with platinum-containing chemotherapy regimens. The TAX 320 Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer Study Group. J Clin Oncol 2000; 18(12): 2354-62.

368. Di Maio M, Perrone F, Chiodini P, Gallo C, Camps C, Schuette W, et al. Individual patient data meta-analysis of docetaxel administered once every 3 weeks compared with once every week second-line treatment of advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2007; 25(11): 1377-82.

369. Hanna N, Shepherd FA, Fossella FV, Pereira JR, De Marinis F, von Pawel J, et al. Randomized phase III trial of pemetrexed versus docetaxel in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer previously treated with chemotherapy. J Clin Oncol 2004; 22(9): 1589-97.

370. Ciuleanu T, Stelmakh L, Cicenas S, Miliauskas S, Grigorescu AC, Hillenbach C, et al. Efficacy of second-line erlotinib versus chemotherapy relative to biomarker status in the phase III Global TITAN Study in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Lancet Oncol 2012; 13(3): 300-8.

371. Kim ES, Hirsh V, Mok T, Socinski MA, Gervais R, Wu YL, et al. Gefitinib versus docetaxel in previously treated non-smallcell lung cancer (INTEREST): a randomised phase III trial. Lancet 2008; 372(9652): 1809-18.

372. Maruyama R, Nishiwaki Y, Tamura T, Yamamoto N, Tsuboi M, Nakagawa K, et al. Phase III study, V-15-32, of gefitinib versus docetaxel in previously treated Japanese patients with non-smallcell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26(26): 4244-52.

373. Weiss GJ, Langer C, Hanna N, Shepherd F, Einhorn LH, Nguyen B, et al. Elderly patients benefit from second-line cytotoxic chemotherapy: a subset analysis of a randomized phase III trial of pemetrexed compared with docetaxel in patients with previously treated advanced non-small-cell lung cancer. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24(27): 4405-11.

374. Pallis AG, Agelaki S, Agelidou A, Varthalitis I, Syrigos K, Kentepozidis N, et al. A randomized phase III study of the docetaxel/ carboplatin combination versus docetaxel single-agent as second line treatment for patients with advanced/metastatic non-small cell lung cancer. BMC Cancer 2010; 10: 633.

375. Ardizzoni A, Tiseo M, Boni L, Vincent AD, Passalacqua R, Buti S, et al. Pemetrexed versus pemetrexed and carboplatin as second-line chemotherapy in advanced non–small-cell lung cancer: results of the GOIRC 02-2006 randomized phase II study and pooled analysis with the NVALT7 trial. J Clin Oncol 2012.43.67 http://jco.ascopubs.org/content/early/2012/ 10/29/JCO.2012.43.6758.full.pdf

376. Arrieta O, Villarreal-Garza C, Pachuca D, Michel Ortega RM, Martinez-Barrera L, Flores-Estrada D, Astorga A. High response of second-line chemotherapy with pemetrexed or gemcitabine combined with carboplatin in patients with non-small-cell lung cancer experiencing progression following 6 months after concluding platinum-based chemotherapy. Med Oncol 2011; 28(1): 300-6.

377. Shaw AT, Yeap BY, Solomon BJ, Riely GJ, Gainor J, Engelman JA, et al. Effect of crizotinib on overall survival in patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer harbouring ALK gene rearrangement: a retrospective analysis. Lancet Oncol 2011; 12: 1004-12.

378. Shigematsu H, Lin L, Takahashi T, Nomura M, Suzuki M, Wistuba II, et al. Clinical and biological features associated with epidermal growth factor receptor gene mutations in lung cancers. J Natl Cancer Inst 2005; 97(5): 339-46.

379. Arrieta O, Martinez-Barrera L, Treviño S, Guzman E, Castillo- Gonzalez P, Rios-Trejo MA, Flores-Estrada D, et al. Wood-smoke exposure as a response and survival predictor in erlotinib-treated non-small cell lung cancer patients: an open label phase II study. J Thorac Oncol 2008; 3: 887-93.

380. Nici L, ATS/ERS Pulmonary Rehabilitation Writing Committee. American Thoracic Society/European Respiratory Society statement on pulmonary rehabilitation. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2006; 173: 1390-413.

381. Ries AL, Kaplan RM, Limberg TM, Prewitt ML. Effects of pulmonary rehabilitation on physiologic and psychosocial outcomes in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Ann Intern Med 1995; 22: 823-32.

382. Bethesda MD: National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute. Global initiative for chronic obstructive lung disease. Global strategy for the diagnosis, management and prevention of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. 2001 (revised 2007).

383. Loganathan RS, Stover DE, Shi W, Venkatraman E. Prevalence of COPD in women compared to men around the time of diagnosis of primary lung cancer. Chest 2006; 129(5): 1305-12.

384. Temel JS, Greer JA, Goldberg S. A structured exercise program for patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer. J Thorax Oncol 2009; 4(5): 595-601.

385. Benzo RP. Pulmonary rehabilitation in lung cancer, a scientific opportunity. J Cardiopulm Rehabil Prev 2007; 27: 61-4.

386. Dimeo FC, Stieglitz RD, Novelli-Fischer U, Fetscher S, Keul J. Effects of physical activity on the fatigue and psychological status of cancer patients during chemotherapy. Cancer 1999; 85(10): 2273-7.

387. Tazi E, Errihani H. Treatment of cachexia in oncology. Indian J Palliat Care 2010; 16(3); 129-37.

388. Hung R, Krebs P, Coups EJ, Feinstein MB, Park BJ, Burkhalter J, Ostroff JS. Fatigue and functional impairment in earlystage non-small cell lung cancer survivors. J Pain Symptom Manage 2011; 41(2): 426-35.

389. Coups EJ, Park BJ, Feinstein MB, Steingart RM, Egleston BL, Wilson DJ, Ostroff JS. Physical activity among lung cancer survivors: changes across the cancer trajectory and associations with quality of life. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2009; 18(2): 664-72.

390. Schmitz KH, Holtzman J, Courneya KS, Mâsse LC, Duval S, Kane R. Controlled physical activity trials in cancer survivors: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2005; 14(7): 1588-95.

391. Blanchard CM, Courneya KS, Stein K. Cancer survivors’ adherence to lifestyle behavior recommendations and associations with health-related quality of life: results from the ACS SCS-II. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26: 198-204.

392. Nici L. The role of pulmonary rehabilitation in the lung cancer patient. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 30(6): 670-4.

393. Ozalevli S, Ilgin D, Kul Karaali H, Bulac S, Akkoclu A. The effect of in-patient chest physiotherapy in lung cancer patients. Support Care Cancer 2010; 18(3): 351-8.

394. Clini E, Ambrosino N. Early physiotherapy in the respiratory intensive care unit. Resp Med 2005; 99: 1096-104.

395. Oberbach A, Tönjes A, Klöting N, Fasshauer M, Kratzsch J, Busse MW, et al. Effect of a 4 week physical training program on plasma concentrations of inflammatory markers in patients with abnormal glucose tolerance. Eur J Endocrinol 2006; 154: 577-85.

396. Jones LW, Eves ND, Peddle CJ, Courneya KS, Haykowsky M, Kumar V, et al. Effects of pre surgical exercise training on systemic inflammatory markers among patients with malignant lung lesions. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2009; 34: 197- 202.

397. Brunelli A, Charloux A, Bolliger CT, Rocco G, Sculier JP, Varela G, et al. The European Respiratory Society and European Society of Thoracic Surgeons; clinical guidelines for evaluating fitness for radical treatment (surgery and chemoradiotherapy) in patients with lung cancer. Eur Jour of Cardio- thoracic Surg 2009; 36(1): 181-4.

398. American Association of Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Rehabilitation (AACPR). Guidelines for Pulmonary Rehabilitation Programs. 3rd Ed. Human Kinetics; p. 86-8.

399. Colice GL. Physiologic evaluation of the patient with lung cancer being considered for resectional surgery. ACCP Evidenced- Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (2nd Edition). Chest 2007; 132: 161S-177S.

400. Epstein SK, Faling LJ, Daly BD, Celli BR. Predicting complications after pulmonary resection. Preoperative exercise testing vs. a multifactorial cardiopulmonary risk index. Chest 1993; 104(3): 694-700.

401. Richter-Larsen K, Svendsen UG, Milman N, Brenøe J, Petersen BN. Exercise testing in the preoperative evaluation of patients with bronchogenic carcinoma. Eur Respir J 1997; 10(7): 1559-65.

402. Jones LW, Eves NE, Waner E, Joy A. Exercise therapy across the lung cancer continuum. Lung Cancer 2009; 11: 255-62.

403. Granger C, Denehy L. Exercise interventions following surgery for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC): the need for future randomised controlled trials. Lung Cancer 2010; 70(2): 228-9.

404. Travers J, Dudgeon DJ, Amjadi K, McBride I, Dillon K, Laveneziana P, Ofir D, et al. Mechanisms of exertionaldyspnea in patients with cancer. J Appl Physiol 2008; 104(1): 57-66.

405. Granger CL, McDonald CF, Berney S, Chao C, Denehy L. Exercise intervention to improve exercise capacity and health related quality of life for patients with non-small cell lung cancer: a systematic review. Lung Cancer 2011; 72(2): 139-53.

406. Andersen AH, Vinther A, Poulsen LL, Mellemgaard A. Do patients with lung cancer benefit from physical exercise? Acta Oncol 2011; 50: 307-13.

407. Semik M, Schmid C, Trösch F, Broermann P, Scheld HH. Lung cancer surgery-preoperative risk assessment and patient selection. Lung Cancer 2001; 33(Suppl. 1): S9-S15.

408. Jones LW, Eves ND, Kraus WE, Potti A, Crawford J, Blumenthal JA, Peterson BL, et al. The lung cancer exercise training study: a randomized trial of aerobic training, resistance training, or both in postsurgical lung cancer patients: rationale and design. BMC Cancer 2010; 10: 155.

409. Mao YS, He J, Yan SP, Dong JS, Cheng GY, Sun KL, et al. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in the evaluation of high risk patients with lung cancer. Chin Med J 2010; 123(21): 3089-94.

410. Win T, Jackson A, Sharples L, Groves AM, Wells FC, Ritchie AJ, Laroche CM. Cardiopulmonary exercise tests and lung cancer surgical outcome. Chest 2005; 127: 1159-65.

411. Win T, Jackson A, Groves AM, Wells FC, Ritchie AJ, Munday H, Laroche CM. Relationship of shuttle walk test and lung cancer surgical outcome. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2004; 26(6): 1216-9.

412. Beckles MA, Spiro SG, Colice GL, Rudd RM; American College of Chest Physicians. The physiologic evaluation of patients with lung cancer being considered for resectional surgery.Chest 2003; 123 (1 Suppl.): 105S-114S.

413. Jones LW, Eves ND, Peterson BL, Garst J, Crawford J, West MJ, et al. Safety and feasibility of aerobic training on cardiopulmonary function and quality of life in postsurgical nonsmall cell lung cancer patients. Cancer 2008; 113(12): 3430-9.

414. Datta D, Lahiri B. Preoperative evaluation of patients undergoing lung resection surgery. Chest 2003; 123: 2096-103.

415. Brown JK, Byers T, Doyle C, Coumeya KS, Demark-Wahnefried W, Kushi LH, et al. Nutrition and physical activity during and after cancer treatment an American cancer society guide for informed choices. CA. Cancer J Clin 2003; 53(5): 268-91.

416. Epstein SK, Faling LJ, Daly BD, Celli BR. Inability to perform bicycle ergometry predicts increased morbidity and mortality after lung resection. Chest 1995; 107(2); 311-16.

417. Schneider CM, Hsieh CC, Sprod LK, Carter SD, Hayward R. Effects of supervised exercise training on cardiopulmonary function and fatigue in breast cancer survivors during and after treatment. Cancer 2007; 110(4): 918-25.

418. Benzo R, Kelley GA, Recchi L, Hofman A, Sciurba F. Complications of lung resection and exercise capacity: a metaanalysis. Respir Med 2007; 101(8): 1790-7.

419. Comité Central de Tumores. Subcomité de Cáncer de Pulmón. H. Universitario Reina Sofía. Córdoba, España. Protocolo Cáncer de Pulmón, Diagnóstico, tratamiento y seguimiento. Disponible en http://bazar.fundacionsigno.com/documentos/ proceso-asistencial-del-paciente/protocolo-cancer-de-pulmon.- diagnostico-tratamiento-y-seguimiento/view

420. Harbour R, Miller J. A new system for grading recommendations in evidence based guidelines. BMJ 2001; 323(7308): 334-6.

421. Ross MM. ATS/ACCP statement on cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Am J Respir Cit Care Med 2003; 167: 211-77.

422. Jones LW, Eves ND, Mackey JR, Peddle CJ, Haykowsky M, Joy AA. Safety an feasibility of cardiopulmonary exercise testing in patients with advanced cancer. Lung Cancer 2007; (55): 225-32.

423. Spruit MA, Janssen PP, Willemsen SC, Hochstenbag MM, Wouters EF. Exercise capacity before and after an 8-weeks multidisciplinary inpatients rehabilitation program in lung cancer patients: a piloy study. Lung Cancer 2006; 52(2): 257-60.

424. Jones LW, Eves ND, Mackey JR. Cardiopulmonary exercise testing in clinical oncology research: systematic review and practice recommendations. Lancet Oncol 2008; 9: 757-65.

425. Singh SJ. Development of a shuttle walking test of disability in patients with chronic air ways obstruction. Thorax 1992; 47(12): 1019-24.

426. Rochester CL. Rehabilitation in the Intensive Care Unit. Semin Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 30(6): 656-68.

427. Mustian KM, Morrow GR, Carroll JK, Figueroa-Moseley CD, Jean-Pierre P, Williams GC. Integrative nonpharmacologic behavioral interventions for the management of cancer-related fatigue. Oncologist 2007; 12(Suppl. 1): 52-67.

428. Riesenberg H, Lübbe AS. In-patient rehabilitation of lung cancer patients-a prospective study. Supportive Care in Cancer 2010; 18(7): 877-82.

429. Cesario A, Ferri L, Galetta D, Pasqua F, Bonassi S, Clini E, et al. Post-operative respiratory rehabilitation after lung resection for non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 2007; 57(2): 175-80.

430. Sekine Y, Chiyo M, Iwata T, Yasufuku K, Furukawa S, Amada Y, et al. Preoperative rehabilitation and physiotherapy for lung cancer patients with chronic pulmonary disease. Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2005; 53(5): 237-43.

431. Young S. Exercise in the rehabilitation from cancer. MEDSURG Nursing 2006; 15(6): 384-7.

432. Mock V, Pickett M, Ropka ME, Muscari Lin E, Stewart KJ, Rhodes VA, et al. Fatigue and quality of life outcomes of exercise during cancer treatment. Cancer Pract 2001; 9(3): 119-27.

433. Galvão DA, Newton RU. Review of exercise intervention studies in cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23(4): 899-909.

434. Sloan JA. Metrics to assess quality of life after management of early-stage lung cancer. Cancer J 2011; 17(1): 63-7.

435. Brunelli A, Salati M. Preoperative evaluation of lung cancer: predicting the impact of surgery on physiology and quality of life. Curr Opin Pulm Med 2008; 14: 275-81.

436. Korstjens I, May AM, van Weert E, Mesters I, Tan F, Ros WJ, et al. Quality of life after self-management cancer rehabilitation: a randomized controlled trial comparing physical and cognitive-behavioral training versus physical training. Psychosom Med 2008; 70: 422-9.

437. Bozcuk H, Dalmis B, Samur M, Ozdogan M, Artac M, Savas B. Quality of life in patients with advanced non–small cell lung cancer. Cancer Nurs 2006; 29(2): 104-10.

438. Kenny PM, King MT, Viney RC, Boyer MJ, Pollicino CA, McLean JM, et al. Quality of life and survival in de 2 years after surgery for non-small cells cancer. J Clin Oncol 2008; 26(2): 233-41.

439. Knols R, Aaronson NK, Uebelhart D, Fransen J, Aufdemkampe G. Physical exercise in cancer patients during and after medical treatment: a systematic review of randomized and controlled clinical trials. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23(16): 3830-42.

440. Schneider CM, Hsieh CC, Sprod LK, Carter SD, Hayward R. Cancer treatment-induced alterations in muscular fitness and quality of life: the role of exercise training. Ann Oncol 2007; 18(12): 1957-62.

441. Dimeo F, Rumberger BG, Keul J. Aerobic exercise as therapy for cancer fatigue. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1998; 30(4): 475-8.

442. Courneya KS. Exercise interventions during cancer treatment: biopsychosocial outcomes. Exerc Sports Sci Med 2001; 29(2): 60-4.

443. Young-McCaughan S, Mays MZ, Arzola SM, Yoder LH, Dramiga SA, Leclerc KM, et al. Research and commentary: change in exercise tolerance, activity and sleep patterns and quality of life in patients with cancer participating in a structured exercise program. Oncol Nurs Forum 2003; 30(3): 441- 54. Discussion 441-54.

444. Jiménez Moncada J. Ejercicio físico: terapia no tradicional para personas con cáncer. Rehabilitación (Madr) 2004; 38: 86-91.

445. Curiale V, Cella A, Luzzani M, Prete C. Home-based palliative care for adults with cancer (Protocol). Cochrane Database Sys Rev 2007; (2): CD006510.

446. WHO. Definition of palliative care. Available from URL http// www.who.int/cáncer/palliative/definition/en/

447. Boxer MM, Vinod SK, Shafiq J, Duggan KJ. Do multidisciplinary team meetings make a difference in the management of lung cancer? Cancer 2011; 117(22): 5112-20.

448. Sistema Nacional de Salud. Estrategia en cuidados paliativos. Madrid: Ministerio de Sanidad y Consumo; 2007.

449. The National Palliative Care Program. Australian Government. Guidelines for a palliative approach in residential aged care. National Health and Medical Research Council, 2006.

450. Morrison RS, Meier DE. Palliative care. N Engl J Med 2004; 350 (25): 2582-90.

451. Barrelet L, Caillet Jousson AM. Organization of palliative care in a general hospital. Palliat Med 1993; 73(Suppl. 1): 39-43.

452. Salomón-Salazar MdeL, Gayosso-Cruz O, Pliego-Reyes CL, Zambrano-Ruiz E, Pérez-Escobedo P, Aldrete-Velasco J. Una propuesta para la creación de unidades de cuidados paliativos en México. Med Int Mex 2008; 24(3): 224-9.

453. Grupo de Trabajo de la Guía de Práctica Clínica sobre Cuidados Paliativos. Guía de Práctica Clínica sobre Cuidados Paliativos. Madrid: Plan Nacional para el SNS del MSC; 2008: 42.

454. Ferrell B, Koczywas M, Grannis F, Harrington A. Palliative care in lung cancer. Surg Clin North Am 2011; 91(2): 403-17.

455. Temel JS, Greer JA, Muzikansky A, Gallagher ER, Admane S, Jackson VA, et al. Early palliative care for patients with metastatic non-small- cell lung cancer. N Engl J Med 2010; 363: 733-42.

456. Valliéres E, Peters S, Van Houtte P, Dalal P, Lim E. Therapeutic advances in non-small cell lung cancer. Thorax 2011; Nov 5 [Epub ahead of print].

457. Smith CB, Nelson JE, Berman AR, Powell CA, Fleishman J, Salazar-Schicchi J, Wisnivesky JP. Lung cancer physicians’ referral practices for palliative care consultation. Ann Oncol 2011; Jul 29 [Epub ahead of print].

458. Kvale PA, Selecky PA, Prakash UB. Palliative care in lung cancer. Chest 2007; 132(3 suppl.): S368-S403.

459. Cooley ME. Symptoms in adults with lung cancer: a systematic research review. J Pain Symptom Manage 2000; 19(2): 137-53.

460. García PC, Campos BJ, Arnedillo MA. Cáncer de pulmón. Manejo del paciente terminal. Medidas paliativas. Disponible en http://www.neumosur.net/files/EB03- 49%20cancer%20paliativo.pdf

461. Gompelmann D, Eberhardt R, Herth FJ. Advanced malignant lung disease: What the specialist can offer. Respiration 2011; 82(2): 111-23.

462. Muers MF, Round CE. Palliation of symptoms in non-small cell lung cancer: a study by the Yorkshire Regional Cancer Organization Thoracic Group. Thorax 1993; 48(4): 339-43.

463. Guía salud. Cuidados paliativos. Apartado 6. Disponible en http://www.guiasalud.es/egpc/cuidadospaliativos/completa/ apartado06/control_sintomas 4.htm

464. Bonneau A. Cough in the palliative care setting. Can Fam Physician 2009; 55: 600-2.

465. Estefan B, LeGrand S. Management of cough in advanced cancer. J Supp Oncol 2004; 2(6): 523-7.

466. Reuben DB, Mor V. Dyspnea in terminally ill cancer patients. Chest 1986; 89: 234-6.

467. Sociedad Española de Cuidados Paliativos. Guía de cuidados paliativos. Disponible en http://www.secpal.com/guiacp/ guiacp.pdf

468. Simone CB 2nd, Vapiwala N, Hampshire MK, Metz JM. Cancer patient attitudes toward analgesic usage and pain intervention. Clin J Pain 2011; Jun 29 [Epub ahead of print].

469. Mazzocato C, Buclin T, Rapin C-H. The effects of morphine on dyspnea and ventilator function in elderly patients with advanced cancer: a randomized, double-blind controlled trial. Ann Oncol 1999; 10: 1511-4.

470. Maltoni M, Pittureri C, Scarpi E, Piccinini L, Martini F, Turci P, et al. Palliative sedation therapy does not hasten death: results from a prospective multicenter study. Annal Oncol 2009; 20: 1163-9.

471. Ley Federal en materia de cuidados paliativos. Disponible en http://www. cuidadospaliativos.org.mx/anexos/ANEXO%203.pdf

472. Morita T, Chinone Y, Ikenaga M, Miyoshi M, Nakaho T, Nishitateno K, et al. Ethical validity of palliative sedation therapy: a multicenter, prospective, observational study conducted on specialized palliative care units in Japan. J Pain Symptom Manage 2005; 30(4): 308-19.

473. McCannon J, Temel J. Comprehensive management of respiratory symptoms in patients with advanced lung cancer. J Support Oncol 2011; Oct 11 [Epub ahead of print].

474. Mayer DK, Travers D, Wyss A, Leak A, Waller A. Why do patients with cancer visit emergency departments? Results of a 2008 population study in North Carolina. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29(19): 2683-8.

475. Portenoy RK. Cancer pain. Epidemiology and syndromes. Cancer 1989; 63: 2298-307.

476. Thapa D, Rastogi V, Ahuja V. Cancer pain managementcurrent status. J Anaesthesiol Clin Pharmacol 2011; 27(2): 162-8.

477. Vargas-Schaffer G. Is the WHO analgesic ladder still valid? Twenty-four years of experience. Can Fam Physician 2010; 56: 514-7.

478. Francis OJ, Minerva PC. Opioid use in the Philippines- 20 years after the introduction of WHO Analgesic Ladder. Eur J Pain 2007; 1: 19-22.

479. Paice JA, Ferrell B. The management of cancer pain. CA Cancer J Clin 2011; 61: 157-82.

480. Organización mundial de la salud. Alivio del dolor en el cáncer. Ginebra; 1996, p. 15.

481. Flor-García A, Pérez-Rodríguez I, Horta-Hernández A, Díaz- Herrero A, Raja-Casillas MI. Tratamiento farmacológico en cuidados paliativos. Boletín Farmacoterapéutico de Castilla- La Mancha 2005; VI(2): 1-8.

482. Roodman GD. Mechanisms of bone metastasis. N Engl J Med 2004; 350: 1655-64.

483. Lardinois D, Weder W, Hany TF, Kamel EM, Korom S, Seifert B, et al. Staging of non-small-cell lung cancer with integrated positron-emission tomography and computed tomography. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 2500-7.

484. Rosen LS, Gordon D, Tchekmedyian S, Yanagihara R, Hirsh V, Krzakowski M, et al. Zoledronic acid versus placebo in the treatment of skeletal metastases in patients with lung cancer and other solid tumors: a phase III, double-blind, randomized trial –the Zoledronic Acid Lung Cancer and Other Solid Tumors Study Group. J Clin Oncol 2003; 21(16): 3150-7.

485. Smith HS. Painful osseous metastases. Pain Physician 2011; 14(4): E373-E403.

486. Berruti A, Dogliotti L, Gorzegno G, Torta M, Tampellini M, Tucci M, et al. Differential patterns of bone turnover in relation to bone pain and disease extent in bone in cancer patients with skeletal metastases. Clin Chem 1999; 45: 1240-7.

487. Beckles M, Spiro SG, Colice GL, Rudd RM. Initial evaluation of the patient with lung cancer: symptoms, sings, laboratory test, and paraneoplastic syndromes. Chest 2003; 123(1 Suppl.): 97S-104S.

488. Bindal RK, Sawaya R, Leavens ME, Lee J. Surgical treatment of multiple brain metastases. J Neurosurg 1993; 79(2): 210-6.

489. Suh JH, Stea B, Nabid A, Kresl JJ, Fortin A, Mercier JP, et al. Phase III study of efaproxiral as an adjunct to whole-brain radiation therapy for brain metastases. J Clin Oncol 2006; 24(1): 106-14.

490. Fenton KN, Richardson JD. Diagnosis and management of malignant pleural effusion. Am J Surg 1995; 170(1): 69-74.

491. Ruckdeschel JC, Moores D, Lee JY, Einhorn LH, Mandelbaum I, Koeller J, et al. Intrapleural therapy for malignant pleural effusions. A randomized comparison of bleomycin and tetracycline. Chest 1991; 100(6): 1528-35.

492. Ernst A, Silvestri GA, Johnstone D. Interventional pulmonary procedures: Guidelines from the American College of Chest Physicians. Chest 2003; 123(5): 1693-717.

493. Abner A. Approach to the patient who presents with superior vena cava obstruction. Chest 1993; 103(4 Suppl.): 394S-397S.

494. Vargas CA, Martínez I. Síndrome de vena cava superior. Guía para manejo de urgencias. Federación Panamericana de asociaciones de Facultades y Escuelas de Medicina [en línea] Octubre de 2004 [fecha de acceso Febrero de 2005]; Cap. 19: 1503-1506. Disponible en: http://www.fepafem.org.ve/Guias_de_Urgencias/Enfermeria/Sindrome_de_vena_cava_superior.pdf

495. Krznaric Z, Juretic A, Anzulovic D. Review of Croatian guidelines for use of eicosapentaenoic acid and megestrol acetate in cancer cachexia syndrome. Nut Ther Metabol 2007; 27(1): 1-8.

496. Laviano A, Meguid MM, Inui A, Muscaritoli M, Rossi-Fanelli F. Therapy insight: cancer anorexia-cachexia syndrome – when all you can eat is yourself. Nat Clin Pract Oncol 2005; 2(3): 158-65.

497. Blum D, Omlin A, Baracos VE, Solheim TS, Tan BH, Stone P, et al. European palliative care research collaborative. Cancer cachexia: a systematic literature review of items and domains associated with involuntary weight loss in cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2011; 80(1): 114-44.

498. NSCLC Collaborative Group. Chemotherapy in non small cell lung cancer: A meta-analysis using updated data on individual patients from 52 randomised clinical trials. BMJ 1995; 311(7010): 899-909.

499. Barlesi F, Pujol J, Daurès JP. Should chemotherapy (Cx) for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) be platinum based? A literature-based in met-analysis of randomized trial. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23(165): 7213.

500. Scottish Inrtercollegiate Guidelines Network. SIGN 50: a Guideline Developer’s Handbook. Edinburgh: SIGN publication; 2001: 50.

501. Claassens L, van Meerbeeck J, Coens C, Quinten C, Ghislain I, Sloan EK, et al. Health-related quality of life in non-smallcell lung cancer: an update of a systematic review on methodological issues in randomized controlled trials. J Clin Oncol 2011; 29(15): 2104-20.

502. Aaronson NK, Ahmedzai S, Bergman B, Bullinger M, Cull A, Duez NJ, et al. The European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer QLQ-C30: a quality of life instrument for use in international clinical trials in oncology. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993; 85(5): 356-76.

503. Bergman B, Aaronson NK, Ahmezdai S, Kaasa S, Sullivan M. The EORTC QLQ-LC13: a modular supplement to the EORTC core Quality of Life questionnaire (QLQ-C30) for use in lung cancer clinical trials. Eur J Cancer 1994; 30: 635-42.

504. Suárez-del-Real Y, Allende-Pérez S, Alférez-Mancera A, Rodríguez RB, Jiménez-Toxtle S, Mohar A, Oñate-Ocaña LF. Validation of the Mexican-Spanish version of the EORTC QLQ-C15-PAL questionnaire for the evaluation of health-related quality of life in patients on palliative care. Psychooncology 2011; 20(8): 889-96.

505. Maione P, Perrone F, Gallo C, Manzione L, Piantedosi F, Barbera S, et al. Pretreatment quality of life and functional status assessment significantly predict survival of elderly patients with advanced non-small-cell lung cancer receiving chemotherapy: a prognostic analysis of the multicenter Italian lung cancer in the elderly study. J Clin Oncol 2005; 23(28): 6865-72.

506. Naughton MJ, Herndon JE 2nd, Shumaker SA, Miller AA, Kornblith AB, Chao D, Holland J. The health-related quality of life and survival of small-cell lung cancer patients: results of a companion study to CALGB 9033. Qual Life Res 2002; 11(3): 235-48.

507. Quinten C, Coens C, Mauer M, Comte S, Sprangers MA, Cleeland C, et al. Baseline quality of life as a prognostic indicator of survival a meta-analysis of individual patient data from EORTC clinical trials. Lancet Oncol 2009; 10(9): 865-71.

508. Arrieta Ó, Núñez-Valencia C, Reynoso-Erazo L, Alvarado S, Flores-Estrada D, Angulo LP, Oñate-Ocaña LF. Health-related quality of life in patients with lung cancer: validation of the Mexican-Spanish version of the EORTC QLQ-LC13 questionnaire. Lung Cancer 2012; 77(1): 205-11.

509. Skaug K, Eide GE, Gulsvik A. Prevalence and predictors of symptoms in the terminal stage of lung cancer: a community study. Chest 2007; 131: 389-94.

510. DeGood DE, Crawford AL, Jongsma AE. Chronic pain. In: The behavioral medicine treatment planner. New York: John Wiley & Son; 1999: 71-79.

511. Ruvalcaba G, Domínguez B. La terapia psicológica del dolor crónico. Psicología y Salud 2009; 19(2): 247-52.

512. Gutiérrez C, Domínguez B. Dolor prolongado en enfermos con cáncer: intervención psicológica. Psicología y Salud 2007; 17(2): 207-19.

513. Jacobsen PB, Donovan KA, Vadaparampil ST, Small BJ. Systematic review and meta-analysis of psychological and activity- based interventions for cancer-related fatigue. Health Psychol 2007; 6(26): 660-7.

514. Hickok JT, Roscoe JA, Morrow GR. The role of patients expectations in the development of anticipatory nausea related to chemotherapy for cancer. J Pain Symptom Management 2001; 22: 843-50.

515. Burish T, Jenkins A. Effectiveness of biofeedback and relaxation training in reducing the side effects of cancer chemotherapy. Health Psychology 1992; 11: 17-23.

516. Akechi T, Okuyama T, Akizuki N, Azuma H, Sagawa R, Furukawa TA, Uchitomi Y. Course of psychological distress and its predictors in advanced non-small cell lung cancer patients. Psychooncology 2006; 15(6): 463-73.

517. Brintzenhofe-Szoc KM, Levin TT, Li Y, Kissane DW, Zabora JR. Mixed anxiety/depression symptoms in a large cancer cohort: prevalence by cancer type. Psychosomatics 2009; 50: 383-91.

518. Pirl WF. Depresión, ansiedad y fatiga. In: Chabner BA, Lynch TJ, Longo DL (eds.). Harrison Manual de Oncología. México: McGrawHill; 2011, p. 190-9.

519. Hansen F, Sawatzky JA. Stress in patients with lung cancer: a human response to illness. Oncol Nurs Forum 2008; 35(2): 217-23.

520. Pirl WF, Temel JS, Billings A, Dahlin C, Jackson V, Prigerson HG, et al. Depression after diagnosis of advanced non-small cell lung cancer and survival: a pilot study. Psychosomatics 2008; 49(3): 218-24.

521. Nakaya N, Saito-Nakaya K, Akechi T, Kuriyama S, Inagaki M, Kikuchi N, et al. Negative psychological aspects and survival in lung cancer patients. Psycho-oncology 2008; 17(5): 466-73.

522. Arrieta O, Angulo LP, Núñez-Valencia C, Dorantes-Gallareta Y, Macedo EO, Martínez-López D, et al. Association of Depression and Anxiety on Quality of Life, Treatment Adherence, and Prognosis in Patients with Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer. Ann Surg Oncol 2012; Dec 22 [In press].

523. Zigmond AS, Snaith RP. The hospital anxiety and depression scale. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1983; 67(6): 361-70.

524. Arranz P, Barbero J, Barreto P, Bayés R. Intervención emocional en cuidados paliativos modelo y protocolos. Barcelona: Ariel Ciencias Médicas; 2009.

525. Schröder Pujol M. Impacto emocional y tratamiento psicológico durante la fase terminal. En: Die Trill M. Manual de psico- oncología. Madrid: Ed. ADES; 2003, p. 629-44.

526. Cortés-Funes F, Abián L, Cortés-Funes H. Adaptación psicosocial del paciente oncológico ingresado y del familiar cuidador principal. Rev Interdis Psicooncol 2003; 0(1): 83-92.

527. Alvarado Aguilar S. ¿Quiénes son los cuidadores primarios? La nueva identidad. Capítulo 1. En: Austrich, et al. Mi paciente en casa. Manual de cuidados para el cuidador. 1a ed. Ed. Corinter; 2011, p. 3-12.

528. Rueda JR, Sóla I, Pascual A, Casacuberta MS. Non-invasive interventions for improving well-being and quality of life in patients with lung cancer. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011; 7(9): CD004282.

529. DeGood DE, Crawford AL, Jongsma AE. Cancer. In: The behavioral medicine treatment planner. New York: John Wiley & Son; 1999, p. 37-45.

530. Ross PJ, Ashley S, Norton A, Priest K, Waters JS, Eisen T, et al. Do patients with weight loss have a worse outcome when undergoing chemotherapy for lung cancers? Br J Cancer 2004; 90(10): 1905-11.

531. Ottery FD. Supportive nutrition to prevent cachexia and improve quality of life. Semin Oncol 1995; 22(2, Suppl. 3): 98-111.

532. Santarpia L, Contaldo F, Pasanisi F. Nutritional screening and early treatment of malnutrition in cancer patients. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2011; 2: 27-35.

533. Arrieta O, Michel Ortega RM, Villanueva-Rodríguez G, Serna- Thomé MG, Flores-Estrada D, Diaz-Romero C, et al. Association of nutritional status and serum albumin levels with development of toxicity in patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer treated with paclitaxel-cisplatin chemotherapy: a prospective study. BMC Cancer 2010; 10: 50.

534. Mohan A, Singh P, Kumar S, Mohan C, Pathak AK, Pandey RM, Guleria R. Effect of change in symptoms, respiratory status, nutritional profile and quality of life on response to treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2008; 9(4): 557-62.

535. Sánchez-Lara K, Sosa-Sánchez R, Green-Renner D, Rodríguez C, Laviano A, Motola-Kuba D, Arrieta O. Influence of taste disorders on dietary behaviors in cancer patients under chemotherapy. Nutr J 2010; 9: 15.

536. Laviano A, Seelaender M, Sanchez-Lara K, Gioulbasanis I, Molfino A, Rossi Fanelli F. Beyond anorexia-cachexia. Nutrition and modulation of cancer patients’ metabolism: Supplementary, complementary or alternative anti-neoplastic therapy? Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 668(Suppl. 1): S87-S90.

537. Shang E, Weiss C, Post S, Kaehler G. The influence of early supplementation of parenteral nutrition on quality of life and body composition in patients with advanced cancer. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2006; 30: 222-30.

538. Ottery FD. Cancer cachexia: prevention, early diagnosis, and management. Cancer Pract 1994; 2: 123-31.

539. Huhmann MB AD. Review of American Society for Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (ASPEN) clinical guidelines for nutrition support in cancer patients: nutrition screening and assessment. Nutr Clin Pract 2008; 23: 1828.

540. Arends J, Bodoky G, Bozzetti F, Fearon K, Muscaritoli M, Selga G, et al. ESPEN Guidelines on Enteral Nutrition: Nonsurgical oncology. Clin Nutr 2006; 25(2): 245-59.

541. August DA, Huhmann MB. ASPEN Clinical guidelines: nutrition support therapy during adult anticancer treatment and in hematopoietic cell transplantation. JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 2009; 33: 472-500. 543. Cranganu A, Camporeale J. Nutrition aspects of lung cancer. Nutr Clin Pract 2009; 24: 688-700.

542. Xue H SM, Wischmeyer PE, Baracos VE. Nutrition modulation of gastrointestinal toxicity related to cancer chemotherapy: from preclinical findings to clinical strategy. JPEN 2011; 35: 74-90.

543. Anker SD, Laviano A, Filippatos G, John M, Paccagnella A, Ponikowski P, Schols AM; ESPEN. ESPEN Guidelines on parenteral nutrition: on cardiology and pneumology. Clin Nutr 2009; 28: 455-60.

544. Topkan E, Yavuz MN, Onal C, Yavuz AA. Prevention of acute radiation-induced esophagitis with glutamine in non-small cell lung cancer patients treated with radiotherapy: evaluation of clinical and dosimetric parameters. Lung Cancer 2009; 63: 393-9.

545. Algara M, Rodríguez N, Viñals P, Lacruz M, Foro P, Reig A, et al. Prevention of radiochemotherapy-induced esophagitis with glutamine: results of a pilot study. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2007; 69: 342-9.

546. Kuhn KS, Muscaritoli M, Wischmeyer P, Stehle P. Glutamine as indispensable nutrient in oncology: experimental and clinical evidence. Eur J Nutr 2010; 49: 197-210.

547. Murphy RA, Mourtzakis M, Chu QS, Baracos VE, Reiman T, Mazurak VC. Nutritional intervention with fish oil provides a benefit over standard of care for weight and skeletal muscle mass in patients with nonsmall cell lung cancer receiving chemotherapy. Cancer 2011; 117: 1775-82.

548. Weed HG, Ferguson ML, Gaff RL, Hustead DS, Nelson JL, Voss AC. Lean body mass gain in patients with head and neck squamous cell cancer treated perioperatively with a proteinand energy-dense nutritional supplement containing eicosapentaenoic acid. Head Neck 2011; 33: 1027-33.

549. Guarcello M RS, D’Andrea F. EPA-enriched oral nutritional support in patients with lung cancer: effects on nutritional status and quality of life. Nutr Ther Metab 2006; 24: 168-75.

550. Barbara S, van der Meij JAEL, Smit EF, Marieke D. Spreeuwenberg, et al. Oral nutritional supplements containing (n- 3) polyunsaturated fatty acids affect the nutritional status of patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer during multimodality treatment. J Nutr 2010; 140: 1774-80.

551. Spencer A, Mann C, Metcalfe M, Webb M, Pollard C, Spencer D, Berry D, et al.The effect of omega-3 FAs on tumour angiogenesis and their therapeutic potential. Eur J Cancer 2009; 45: 2077-86.

552. Baracos VE, Mazurak VC, Ma DW. n-3 Polyunsaturated fatty acids throughout the cancer trajectory: influence on disease incidence, progression, response to therapy and cancer-associated cachexia. Nutr Res Rev 2004; 17: 177-92.

553. Biondo PD, Brindley DN, Sawyer MB, Field CJ. The potential for treatment with dietary long-chain polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids during chemotherapy. J Nutr Biochem 2008; 19: 787-96.

554. Rachel A MB, Mourtzakis M, Quincy SC, Baracos V, Reiman T, Mazurak VC. Supplementation with fish oil increases first-line chemotherapy efficacy in patients with advanced nonsmall cell lung cancer. Cancer 2011 [Epub ahead of print].

555. Alvarez J. Criterios de intervención nutricional: objetivos, indicaciones y evidencias. Nutr Hosp 2008; 1: 26-33.

556. Paccagnella A, Morassutti I, Rosti G. Nutritional intervention for improving treatment tolerance in cancer patients. Curr Opin Oncol 2011; 23: 322-30.

557. Bozzetti F. The patient with incurable aphagic cancer: to feed or not to feed? Nutrition 2001; 17: 676-7.

558. Cozzaglio L, Balzola F, Cosentino F, DeCicco M, Fellagara P, Gaggiotti G, et al. Outcome of cancer patients receiving home parenteral nutrition. Italian Society of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition (SINPE). JPEN J Parenter Enteral Nutr 1997; 21(6): 339-42.

559. Pacelli F BM TL, Trinca ML, Tortorelli A, Rosa F, Doglietto GB. Parenteral nutrition does not stimulate tumor proliferation in malnourished gastric cancer patients. JPEN 2007; 31: 451-5.