2013, Número 4
<< Anterior Siguiente >>
Med Int Mex 2013; 29 (4)
Encefalopatía anoxo-isquémica posterior al paro cardiorrespiratorio
Mata-Vicente JF
Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 62
Paginas: 388-398
Archivo PDF: 291.80 Kb.
RESUMEN
La encefalopatía anoxo-isquémica es el síndrome producido por el desequilibrio entre la disminución del aporte de oxígeno y del flujo sanguíneo cerebral. Entre las causas de este fenómeno están: la hipoxemia sistémica (asfixia, insuficiencia respiratoria), alteraciones en el transporte de oxígeno (anemia aguda, intoxicación por monóxido de carbono) y la reducción global del flujo sanguíneo cerebral, como es el caso del paro cardiaco. Esta revisión considera como modelo el paro cardiorrespiratorio porque es la causa más frecuente de encefalopatía anoxo-isquémica en la práctica clínica del adulto.
REFERENCIAS (EN ESTE ARTÍCULO)
Caplan L. Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy and cardiac arrests. In: Caplan L, editors. Caplan’s Stroke. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann, 2000;283-294.
Maiese K, Caronna J. Coma after cardiac arrest: Clinical features, prognosis, and management. In: Ropper A, editor, Neurological and neurosurgical intensive Care. New York: Raven Press, 1993;331-349.
Wijdicks EFM. Neurologic complications of cardiac arrest. In: Wijdicks EFM, editor, Neurologic complications of critical illness. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002;123-142.
Young B. Anoxic and ischemic brain injury. In: Young B, Ropper A, Bolton CH, editors. Coma and impaired consciousness, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1998;409-456.
Wijdicks EFM. Anoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. In: Gilchrist J, editor. Prognosis in neurology. Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann, 1998;7-10.
Eisenberg M, Mengert T. Cardiac resuscitation. N Engl J Med 2001;344:1304-1313.
Cummins R, Eisenberg M. Prehospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation: is it effective? JAMA 1985;253:2408-2412.
Aaslid R, Huber P, Nornes H. Evaluation of cerebrovascular spasm with transcranial Doppler ultrasound. J Neurosurg 1984;60:37-41.
Gluckman P, Gunn A. Neuroprotection in hypoxicischemic encephalopathy. In: Bär P, Beal F, editors. Neuroprotection in CNS Diseases. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1997;409-429.
Kontos HA, Wei EP, Navari RM, Levasseur JE, et al. Responses of cerebral arteries and arterioles to acute hypotension and hypertension. Am J Physiol 1978;234:H371-H383.
Astrup J. Cerebrovascular physiology. In: Carter LP, Spetzler RF, editors. Neurovascular surgery. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1994.
Cruz J, Gennarelli TA, Alves WM. Continuous monitoring of cerebral hemodynamic reserve in acute brain injury: Relationship to changes in brain swelling. J Trauma 1992;32:629-635.
Sokoloff L. Neurophysiology and neurochemistry of coma. Exp Biol Med 1971;4:15-33.
Robertson CS, Narayan RK, Gokaslan ZL, Pahwa R, et al. Cerebral arteriovenous oxygen difference as an estimate of cerebral blood flow in comatose patients. J Neurosurg 1989;70:222-230.
Buunk G, Van der Hoeven J, Meinders A. Cerebrovascular reactivity in comatose patients resuscitated from a cardiac arrest. Stroke 1997;28:1569-1573.
Petito C, Feldmann E, Pulsinelli W, Plum F. Delayed hippocampal damage in humans following cerebral cardiorespiratory arrest. Neurology 1987;37:1281-1286.
Miyamoto O, Auer R. Hypoxia, hyperoxia, ischemia and brain necrosis. Neurology 2000;54:362-371.
Pearigen P, Gwinn R, Simon R. The effects of in vivo hypoxia on brain injury. Brain Res 1996;725:184-191.
Kogure K, Scheinberg P, Fujishima M, et al. Effects of hypoxia on cerebral autorregulation. Am J Physiol 1967;23:183-9.
Romijn H. Preferential loss of GABAergic neurons in hypoxia-exposed neocortex slab cultures is attenuated by the NMDA receptor blocker D-2-amino-7-phosphonoheptanoate. Brain Res 1989;501:100-104.
Dougherty J, Rawlinson D, Levy D, Plum F. Hypoxic-ischemic brain injury and the vegetative state: clinical and neuropathologic correlation. Neurology 1981;31:991-997.
Ropper A. Ocular dipping in anoxic coma. Arch Neurol 1981;38:297-299.
Volpe B, Holtzman J, Hirst W. Further characterization of patients with amnesia after cardiac arrest: Preserved recognition memory. Neurology 1986;36:408-411.
Keane J. Sustained upgaze in coma. Ann Neurol 1981;9:409-412.
Fisher CM. The neurological examination of the comatose patient. Acta Neurol Scand 1969;45:S5-S56.
Sage J, Van Uitert R. Man-in-the-barrel syndrome. Neurology 1986;36:1102-1113.
Young G, Gilbert J, Zochodne D. The significance of myoclonic status epilepticus in postanoxic coma. Neurology 1990;40:1843-1844.
Wijdicks EFM, Parisi J, Sharbrough F. Prognostic value of myoclonus status in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. Ann Neurol 1994;35:239-243.
Gottfried J, Mayer S, Shungu D, Chang Y, Duyn J. Delayed posthypoxic demyelination: association with arylsufatase-A deficiency and lactic acidosis on proton MR spectroscopy. Neurology 1997;49:1400-1404.
Ringel S, Klawans H. Carbon monoxide-induced parkinsonism. J Neurol Sci 1972;16:245-249.
Morimoto Y, Kemmotsu O, Kitami K, Matsubara I, Tedo I. Acute brain swelling after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: pathogenesis and outcome. Crit Care Med 1993;21:104- 110.
Tippin J, Adams H, Smoker W. Early computed tomographic abnormalities following profound cerebral hypoxia. Arch Neurol 1984;41:1098.
Takahashi S, Higano S, Ishii K, Sakamoto K, et al. Hypoxic brain damage: cortical laminar and delayed changes in white matter at sequential MR imaging. Radiology 1993;189:449-456.
Serrano M, Ara J, Fayed N, et al. Encefalopatía hipóxica y necrosis laminar. Rev Neurol 2001;32:843-847.
Arbelaez A, Castillo M, Mukherji S. Diffusion-weighted MR imaging of global cerebral anoxia. AJNR 1999;20:999- 1007.
Wijdicks EFM, Campeau N, Miller G. MR imaging in comatose survivors of cardiac resuscitation. AJNR 2001;22:1561-1565.
Gosling RG, King DH. Arterial assessment by Dopplershift ultrasound. Proc R Soc Med 1974;67:447-449.
Alexandrov AV, Neumyer MM. Intracranial cerebrovascular ultrasound examination techniques. In: Alexandrov AV, editor. Cerebrovascular ultrasound in stroke prevention and treatment. New York: Blackwell Publishing, 2004;17-32.
Álvarez-Fernández JA, Lubillo-Motenegro S. Neuromonitorización. In Montejo JC, García de Lorenzo A, Ortiz- Leyba C, Bonet A, editors. Manual de medicina intensiva. 3ª ed. Madrid: Elsevier, 2006;86-91.
Basetti C, Bomio F, Mathis J, Hess CW. Early prognosis in coma after cardiac arrest: a prospective clinical, electrophysiological and biochemical study of 60 patients. JNNP 1996;6:610-615.
Chen R, Bolton Ch, Young B. Prediction of outcome in patients with anoxic coma: A clinical electrophysiologic study. Crit Care Med 1996;24:672-678.
Zandbergen E, de Haan R, Soutenbeek CP, Koelman JH, et al. Systematic review of early prediction of poor outcome in anoxic-ischaemic coma. Lancet 1998;352:1808-1812.
Levy DE, Caronna JJ, Singer BH, Lapinski RH, et al. Predicting outcome from hypoxic-ischemic coma. JAMA 1985;253:1420-1426.
Sherman A, Tirschwell D, Micklesen P, Longstreth WT Jr., Robinson LR. Somatosensory potentials, CSF creatine kinase BB activity, and awakening after cardiac arrest. Neurology 2000;54:889-94.
Madl C, Kramer L, Domanovits H, Woolard RH, et al. Improved outcome prediction in unconscious cardiac arrest survivors with sensory evoked potentials compared with clinical assessment. Crit Care Med 2000;28:721-726.
Vaagenes P, Kjekshus J, Torvik A. The relationship between cerebrospinal fluid creatine kinase and morphologic changes in the brain after transient cardiac arrest. Circulation 1980;61:1194-1199.
Roine R, Somer H, Kaste M, Vinikka L, Karonen SL. Neurological outcome after out-of-hospital cardiac arrest: prediction by cerebrospinal fluid enzyme analysis. Arch Neurol 1989;46:753-756.
Rosen H, Rosengren L, Herlitz J, Blomstrand C. Increased serum levels of the S-100 protein are associated with hypoxic brain damage after cardiac arrest. Stroke 1998;29:473-477.
Böttinger B, Möbes S, Glätzer R, Bauer H, et al. Astroglial protein S-100 is an early and sensitive marker of hypoxic brain damage and outcome after cardiac arrest in humans. Circulation 2001;103:2694-2698.
Gaceta oficial del DF el día 07 de enero del 2008.
Al Thenayan E, Savard M, Sharpe M, Norton L, Young B. Predictors of poor neurologic outcome after induced mild hypothermia following cardiac arrest. Neurology 2008;71:1535-1537.
Wijdicks EFM, Hijdra A, Young GB, et al. Practice parameter: prediction of outcome in comatose survivors after cardiopulmonary resuscitation (an evidence based review): report of the Quality Standards Subcommittee of the American Academy of Neurology. Neurology 2006;67:203-10.
Wartenberg KE, Patsalides A, Yepes MS. Is magnetic resonance spectroscopy superior to conventional diagnostic tools in hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy? J Neuroimaging 2004;14:180-186.
Young GB. The EEG in coma. J Clin Neurophysiol 2000;17:473-485.
Rossetti AO, Oddo M, Liaudet L, Kaplan PW. Predictors of awakening from postanoxic status epilepticus after therapeutic hypothermia. Neurology 2009;72:744- 749.
Wasterlain CG, Fujikawa DG, Penix L, Sankar R. Pathophysiological mechanisms of brain damage from status epilepticus. Epilepsia 1993;34:S37-S53.
Bleck TP. Prognostication and management of patients who are comatose after cardiac arrest. Neurology 2006;67:556-557.
Young GB, Doig G, Ragazzoni A. Anoxicischemic encephalopathy: clinical and electrophysiological associations with outcome. Neurocrit Care 2005;2:159-164.
Hovland A, Nielsen EW, Klüver J, Salvesen R. EEG should be performed during induced hypothermia. Resuscitation 2006;68:143-146.
Chausson N, Wassouf A, Pegado F, Willer JC, Naccache L. Electrophysiology: mismatch negativity and prognosis of coma. Rev Neurol (Paris) 2008;164: F34-F35.
Wijnen VJ, van Boxtel GJ, Eilander HJ, de Gelder B. Mismatch negativity predicts recovery from the vegetative state. Clin Neurophysiol 2007;118:597-605.
Gofton TE, Chouinard PA, Young GB, Sharpe MD, et al. Functional MRI study of the primary somatosensory cortex in comatose survivors of cardiac arrest. Exp Neurol 2009; 217:320-327.