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Revista Latinoamericana de Microbiología

2002, Número 2

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Microbiología 2002; 44 (2)


Efecto del etanol sobre los productos del petróleo liberados durante la atención natural

Alvarez PJJ, Hunt CS

Idioma: Ingles.
Referencias bibliográficas: 123
Paginas: 83-104
Archivo PDF: 220.22 Kb.


RESUMEN

El reemplazo de la gasolina oxigenada que contiene MTBE por etanol representa un potencial económico y beneficio ambiental. Sin embargo, dichos beneficios pueden ser inapropiados, debido a un efecto del detrimento potencial de la calidad del agua subterránea y de los productos del petróleo liberados durante la atenuación natural. El objetivo de esta revisión es enlazar a algún nivel a los cuales dichos impactos que puedan ocurrir, resumir la información disponible sobre la biodegradación de etanol en el medio ambiente, ensayar los efectos potenciales que los procesos de biodegradación puedan tener sobre la velocidad y transporte de los BTEX y proveer las recomendaciones para realizar la investigación que mejoren la evaluación de riesgo y el manejo de decisiones. El etanol que llega al acuífero del agua subterránea es similarmente degradado a velocidades más elevadas que otros constituyentes de la gasolina. Si la fuente de carbono no es limitante, se puede observar una degradación preferencial del BTEX bajo ambas condiciones aeróbicas y no aeróbicas. Dependiendo del nivel de liberación, el etanol puede ejercer una alta demanda bioquímica del oxígeno que pudiera contribuir al rápido agotamiento de oxígeno disuelto en aguas subterráneas. Así, el etanol probablemente será degradado predominantemente bajo condiciones anaeróbicas. Ninguno de los metabolitos potenciales de etanol que pudieran acumularse en las aguas subterráneas es tóxico, a pesar de que algunos sub-productos potenciales tóxicos, tales como butiratos pudieran afectar adversamente el sabor y el olor de fuentes de agua bebible. Además, el acetato y otros ácidos grasos volátiles pudieran acumularse a altas concentraciones, causando un decrecimiento en el pH en sistemas pobremente amortiguados. Sin embargo, se sabe, que el pH pudiera disminuir a un punto que inhibiera los procesos degradativos naturales. Es probable que ocurra la inhibición de la actividad microbiana cerca del origen (manantial) como resultado de la exposición a altas concentraciones de alcohol, y el efecto bactericida probablemente ocurra cuando las células son expuestas a una concentración excedida de etanol de 10,000 mg/L. Sin embargo, en Estados Unidos las concentraciones máximas permitidas de etanol en gasolina es de 10% por volumen. De este modo, tales concentraciones altas de etanol son poco probables que puedan ser encontradas en sitios contaminados con mezclas de etanol-gasolina, excepto cerca de las interfaces combustible/agua o en el caso de la liberación de etanol puro. La pendiente de un gradiente del área de origen, es improbable la biodegradación por ser inhibida por la toxicidad del alcohol, cuando las concentraciones decrecen exponencialmente con la distancia. La degradación preferencial de combustibles alcohólicos por microorganismos autóctonos y la disminución del oxígeno y otros aceptores de electrones, sugieren que el etanol pudiera impedir la biorremediación de BTEX. Esto es particularmente importante por el destino del benceno, el cual es el compuesto más tóxico de los BTEX’s y el más recalcitrante bajo condiciones anaeróbicas. Alternativamente, el etanol representa una fuente de carbono y energía que probablemente estimula el crecimiento de una variedad de poblaciones microbianas aeróbica y anaeróbica, incluyendo aquellos que pueden degradar compuestos del BTEX. A altas concentraciones de los microorganismos degradadores de BTEX, se tendrían velocidades de degradación de BTEX más rápidas bajo condiciones de carbón limitante. No obstante, estudios controlados que evalúen el efecto global del etanol en la bioremediación de BTEX son carentes. En teoría, el etanol pudiera también contribuir a plumas más largas de BTEX por el engrandecimiento de la solubilización de BTEX de la fase del combustible y por disminución de la adsorción, relacionada al retardamiento durante el transporte. El efecto global del etanol en la longitud y tratamiento del punto final de la pluma del BTEX es probablemente un sistema especifico, y dependerá grandemente del escenario de la liberación y en la amortiguación y de la capacidad de dilución del acuífero. Son necesarias investigaciones adicionales para entender el efecto de etanol en la estabilidad y dimensiones de plumas co-ocurriendo y pre-existiendo los BTEX. Estudios futuros en laboratorio y campo deberían también dirigirse a la variabilidad de respuestas como una función del escenario liberado y la especificidad el sitio, para facilitar el impuesto riesgo y decisiones en la acción de remedición.


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