2012, Número 3
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Rev Invest Clin 2012; 64 (3)
Participación de los patrones moleculares asociados al daño en el tratamiento convencional del cáncer
Rojo-León V, Aguilar-Cázares D, Prado-García H, Carlos-Reyes Á, López-González JS
Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 75
Paginas: 275-283
Archivo PDF: 256.40 Kb.
RESUMEN
El sistema inmunológico innato discrimina entre la muerte celular
inocua (apoptosis), que se lleva a cabo durante la homeostasis,
de la muerte celular potencialmente dañina
(necrosis). Recientemente se ha propuesto un nuevo tipo de
muerte celular por apoptosis definida como apoptosis inmunogénica;
este tipo de muerte ha adquirido relevancia en el tratamiento
convencional del cáncer en etapas avanzadas. Estudios
in vitro e
in vivo en modelos animales han demostrado que la
radioterapia o algunos fármacos quimioterapéuticos empleados
en el tratamiento del cáncer inducen la apoptosis inmunogénica
que, a diferencia de la apoptosis, expone de manera
extracelular ciertas moléculas intracitoplasmáticas y nucleares.
En conjunto estas moléculas se han denominado patrones
moleculares asociados al daño (DAMPs) o señales de peligro.
Los DAMPs alertan al organismo y participan colaborando en
el reconocimiento del antígeno tumoral y en la inducción de
una eficiente respuesta inmunológica antitumoral. Esta revisión
tiene como objetivo destacar en el tratamiento del cáncer:
1) La importancia de la apoptosis inmunogénica, 2) Que ciertos
fármacos antineoplásicos inducen este tipo de muerte, 3)
El papel biológico de los DAMPs y 4) La participación que tienen
algunos de ellos en la activación de la respuesta inmunológica
antitumoral, en particular en las células fagocíticas. El
conocimiento de los DAMPs puede ser clave en un futuro para
proponer adecuaciones en los esquemas de tratamiento convencional
actuales a fin de estimular la actividad antineoplásica
del sistema inmunológico y soslayar los mecanismos de
evasión de las células tumorales. Lo anterior llevará al control
del crecimiento tumoral y a la disminución de su recurrencia,
lo que deberá incrementar la sobrevida en los pacientes, o
bien, permitirá la curación definitiva del cáncer.
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