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Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán

2010, Número 1

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Rev Invest Clin 2010; 62 (1)


RNA de interferencia y su potencial terapéutico en cáncer

Vázquez-Vega S, Contreras-Paredes A, Lizano-Soberón M, Amador-Molina A, García-Carrancá A, Sánchez-Suárez LP, Benítez-Bribiesca L

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 75
Paginas: 81-90
Archivo PDF: 86.74 Kb.


RESUMEN

Los RNAs pequeños pertenecen a una estirpe de moléculas recientemente descubiertas. Estas moléculas están compuestas de RNA de doble cadena de 19 a 31 nucleótidos. Tienen dos características principales que las hacen únicas. La primera es que no codifican para proteínas y la segunda es que su acción de interferencia ocurre postranscripcionalmente con el RNAm (RNA mensajero). Dicha acción de interferencia es el sello que las distingue y por ello se les conoce como RNA de interferencia o RNAi. De manera general hay tres subclases, de las cuales los miRNA y los siRNA han sido las más estudiadas. Los RNA de interferencia participan en una miríada de funciones celulares principalmente a través de la modulación de la expresión de los genes. Debido a estas capacidades se ha pensado en utilizarlos como armas terapéuticas en un número de enfermedades incluyendo al cáncer. Se sabe que tanto los miRNA como los siRNA participan en la carcinogénesis ya sea inhibiendo genes supresores o estimulando oncogenes. También se ha demostrado que la manipulación de los RNAi en líneas celulares y modelos animales, pueden revertir el fenotipo maligno y metastásico. A la fecha son pocas las pruebas clínicas en las que se emplean a los RNAi como agentes terapéuticos, algunas de ellas han tenido resultados exitosos y viables. Es previsible que en un futuro cercano el tratamiento del cáncer con RNAs pequeños tenga una amplia aplicación, una vez que muchos de los obstáculos para su aplicación sistemática sean sobrepasados.


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