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2012, Número 5

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Salud Mental 2012; 35 (5)


Regulación de la liberación de serotonina en distintos compartimientos neuronales

Trueta C, Cercós MG

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 95
Paginas: 435-443
Archivo PDF: 169.66 Kb.


RESUMEN

La serotonina es fundamental para la modulación de la conducta social, las emociones y una gran cantidad de funciones fisiológicas. La función de los sistemas serotonérgicos se ha conservado a lo largo de la escala evolutiva y, en general, números pequeños de neuronas inervan prácticamente todo el Sistema Nervioso. Estas neuronas son capaces de ejercer múltiples efectos, dependiendo de si liberan serotonina de pozas sinápticas, que ejercen efectos rápidos y locales o de pozas extrasinápticas en la periferia de las sinapsis, el axón, el cuerpo celular o las dendritas, con lo que se producen efectos lentos y difusos, característicos de los estados de ánimo. La liberación de serotonina en las terminales sinápticas es producida por la exocitosis de vesículas claras pequeñas y se activa con impulsos sencillos o a baja frecuencia. La estimulación con trenes de impulsos a frecuencias crecientes produce facilitación y depresión sináptica. En contraste, la liberación a partir del soma es producida por la exocitosis de vesículas de núcleo denso y requiere de la estimulación a frecuencias altas, la activación de canales de calcio tipo L y de la liberación de calcio de los depósitos intracelulares. La serotonina liberada por las terminales sinápticas activa de manera inmediata autorreceptores en las propias terminales que la liberaron, disminuyendo la excitabilidad subsiguiente y, por lo tanto, la frecuencia de disparo y la liberación de manera localizada. La regulación diferencial de la liberación en cada compartimiento celular permite que la misma neurona produzca diferentes tipos de efectos dependiendo de la frecuencia de disparo.


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