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2012, Número 5

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Cir Cir 2012; 80 (5)


Terapia epigenética en el cáncer. Logros y perspectivas

Valdespino-Gómez VM, Valdespino-Castillo VE

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 45
Paginas: 470-480
Archivo PDF: 163.33 Kb.


RESUMEN

Se analizan los principales cambios fisiológicos y fisiopatológicos epigenéticos de las células normales y de las cancerosas; se hace hincapié en los logros y perspectivas de la terapia epigenética en el tratamiento del cáncer.
Las alteraciones epigenéticas globales en el cáncer, corresponden principalmente a la hipermetilación de los promotores de los genes supresores tumorales, hipometilación global del DNA, junto con la sobreexpresión y actividad de las histonas-desacetilasas. El objetivo de la terapia epigenética es revertir las alteraciones epigenéticas causales que ocurren en el cáncer, conduciendo al restablecimiento del “epigenoma normal”.
En particular, los blancos epigenéticos en el tratamiento del cáncer se han enfocado a inhibir las DNA-metiltransferasas y a las histona-desacetilasas. La azacitidina, el decitabine, el vorinostat y el romidepsin los aprobó la FDA para el tratamiento de síndromes mielodisplásicos y linfoma cutáneo avanzado de células T, respectivamente. Algunas modificaciones epigenéticas han demostrado su valor potencial como biomarcadores en detección temprana, pronóstico y predicción en algunos cánceres.
La revolución epigenética ha llegado al campo de la Biología. Los avances logrados en esta disciplina han permitido entender nuevos aspectos de la fisiología y fisiopatología del desarrollo embrionario, del cáncer y de otras enfermedades crónicas. El conocimiento más profundo de las modificaciones epigenéticas en cada tipo de cáncer permitirá diseñar mejores estrategias de tratamiento. El reto para los investigadores en este campo es diseñar fármacos más específicos y con menores efectos colaterales.


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