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2012, Número 4

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Rev Fac Med UNAM 2012; 55 (4)


Neuroprotección y traumatismo craneoencefálico

Estrada RF, Morales GJ, Tabla RE, Solís LB, Navarro AHA, Martínez VM, Pérez AA, González RR, Rodríguez SLE, Navarro L

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 45
Paginas: 16-29
Archivo PDF: 328.01 Kb.


RESUMEN

Durante un proceso de lesión cerebral, por ejemplo en un traumatismo craneoencefálico, se activan respuestas que inducen daño cerebral o muerte celular; sin embargo, también se inducen respuestas de protección que intentan mantener la integridad y funcionalidad del cerebro; esto se conoce como neuroprotección. Efectivamente, posterior a un TCE, se desencadenan mecanismos que traen como consecuencia liberación de neurotransmisores excitadores tales como el glutamato, lo que provoca una entrada masiva de Ca2+ en las neuronas, activación de proteasas, lipasas, sintasa de óxido nítrico, endonucleasas, producción de radicales libres y potencialmente necrosis o apoptosis.
Aunque hay reportes de sustancias neuro o cerebroprotectoras desde hace más de 50 años, es al final de la década de los ochenta del siglo pasado cuando comienza a aparecer un gran número de publicaciones tratando de entender los mecanismos neuroprotectores desencadenados por un insulto al cerebro. En este trabajo revisamos brevemente el concepto, la epidemiologia y los diversos agentes que se han utilizado para disminuir el daño causado por un traumatismo craneoencefálico.


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