2012, Número 2
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Otorrinolaringología 2012; 57 (2)
Síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño y sus repercusiones en el síndrome metabólico
Paz PYG, Medina CH, Loman ZÓA, Jiménez ADA, Labra A, Contreras GN, Haro VR, Sánchez NF
Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 33
Paginas: 99-106
Archivo PDF: 199.96 Kb.
RESUMEN
El síndrome metabólico es un conjunto de factores de riesgo de enfermedad cardiovascular y se caracteriza por obesidad abdominal, hipertensión arterial, hipertrigliceridemia, resistencia a la insulina, hiperglucemia y disminución del colesterol HDL (lipoproteínas de alta densidad). Se ha propuesto que podría incluir al síndrome de apnea obstructiva del sueño (SAOS), y entonces se llamaría “síndrome Z”. El SAOS se caracteriza por episodios repetidos de apnea durante el sueño. Un mecanismo para la hiperinsulinemia y la resistencia a la insulina en el SAOS es que el nivel de actividad del músculo dilatador de la faringe puede verse disminuido en presencia de resistencia a la insulina, al igual que la alteración en el tono muscular arterial. La leptina, adiponectina y resistina, sustancias que cumplen funciones endocrinas, se han relacionado con trastornos respiratorios del sueño, obesidad y síndrome metabólico. La hipoxia y desaturación durante el sueño en el SAOS pueden inducir estrés oxidativo, que interviene en la aparición de enfermedades cardiovasculares. Para el diagnóstico de síndrome metabólico el enfoque que más destaca es el Adult Treatment Panel (ATP III), 2001. El SAOS, además de incrementar el riesgo de enfermedades cardiovasculares, reduce la calidad de vida, ya que favorece la aparición de accidentes de tráfico, laborales y domésticos, con lo que aumenta el riesgo de muerte. El tratamiento del SAOS con dispositivos de presión positiva continua en las vías respiratorias (CPAP) mejora el control glucémico y reduce la presión arterial y los síntomas relacionados con los trastornos respiratorios del sueño.
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