medigraphic.com
ISSN 0016-3813 (Impreso)

2012, Número 2

<< Anterior Siguiente >>

Gac Med Mex 2012; 148 (2)


Profilaxis de la enfermedad tromboembólica venosa en cirugía ortopédica de alto riesgo

Meza RGE, Esquivel GR, Martínez CSA, Espinosa-Larrañaga F, Martínez GMÁE, Torres GR, Fuente ZJC, Méndez HJV, Villalobos GE, Cymet RJ, Ibarra HE, Díaz BE, Aguilera ZJM, Valles FJF, Majluf-Cruz A

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 61
Paginas: 144-152
Archivo PDF: 97.90 Kb.


RESUMEN

La enfermedad tromboembólica venosa (ETV) es un problema de salud pública mundial con una incidencia anual de 1-2 casos/1,000 individuos en la población general y una mortalidad del 1-5%. La cirugía ortopédica es el principal factor de riesgo quirúrgico para ETV, predominantemente en los reemplazos articulares de cadera y rodilla y en pacientes politraumatizados, con daño grave en la columna vertebral o con fracturas grandes. Se define la tromboprofilaxis como la estrategia y acciones para disminuir el riesgo de ETV en cirugía ortopédica de alto riesgo. La ETV es prevenible con antitrombóticos. Al final de este trabajo se proponen recomendaciones tromboprofilácticas para la cirugía ortopédica de alto riesgo que se basan en los conceptos emitidos por especialistas en ortopedia y traumatología dedicados a la cirugía ortopédica de alto riesgo que trabajaron sobre la evidencia de ETV en este tipo de cirugía. Mediante un instrumento con 100 ítems se estableció la opinión de los participantes para construir las recomendaciones y consideraciones pertinentes. En conclusión, este documento hace una revisión del problema de la ETV en cirugía ortopédica de alto riesgo y describe la posición del Colegio Mexicano de Ortopedia y Traumatología respecto de esta entidad.


REFERENCIAS (EN ESTE ARTÍCULO)

  1. Zhan C, Miller MR. Excess length of stay, charges, and mortality attributable to medical injuries during hospitalization. JAMA. 2003;290:1868-74.

  2. Silverstein M, Heit J, Mohr D, Petterson T, O’Fallon W, Melton L. Trends in the incidence of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a 25-year population-based, cohort study. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:585-93.

  3. Heit J, Petterson T, Farmer S, Bailey K, Melton L. Trends in incidence of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism: a 35-year populationbased study. Blood. 2006;108:430a.

  4. Heit JA, Cohen AT, Anderson FA. Estimated annual number of incident and recurrent, non-fatal and fatal venous thromboembolism (VTE) events in the US. Blood. 2005;106:267a.

  5. Majluf-Cruz A, García-Chávez J, Martínez-Murillo C. Enfermedad tromboembólica venosa. Diagnóstico, prevención y tratamiento. México, D.F.: Garmarte Editorial; 2006.

  6. Ginsberg JS, Turkstra F, Buller HR, MacKinnon B, Magier D, Hirsh J. Postthrombotic syndrome after hip or knee arthroplasty: a cross-sectional study. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160:669-72.

  7. Kim YH, Oh SH, Kim JS. Incidence and natural history of deep-vein thrombosis after total hip arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2003;85:661-5.

  8. Warwick D, Williams MH, Bannister GC. Death and thromboembolic disease after total hip replacement. A series of 1162 cases with no routine chemical prophylaxis. J Bone Joint Surg. 1995;77:6-10.

  9. Warwick D. New concepts in orthopaedic thromboprophylaxis. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2004;86:788-92.

  10. Dahl OE, Caprini JA, Colwell CW Jr, et al. Fatal vascular outcomes following major orthopedic surgery. Thromb Haemost. 2005;93:860-6.

  11. Lieberman JR, Hsu WK. Prevention of venous thromboembolic disease after total hip and knee arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2005;87:2097-112.

  12. White RH, Romano PS, Zhou H, Rodrigo J, Bargar W. Incidence and time course of thromboembolic outcomes following total hip or knee arthroplasty. Arch Intern Med. 1998;158:1525-31.

  13. Bjornara BT, Gudmundsen TE, Dahl OE. Frequency and timing of clinical venous thromboembolism after major joint surgery. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2006;88:386-91.

  14. Buehler KO, D’Lima DD, Petersilge WJ, Colwell CW Jr, Walker RH. Late deep venous thrombosis and delayed weightbearing after total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop. 1999;361:123-30.

  15. Geerts WH, Pineo GF, Heit JA, et al. Prevention of venous thromboembolism: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest. 2004;126:338S-400S.

  16. Geerts WH, Bergqvist D, Pineo GF, et al. Prevention of venous thromboembolism. American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest. 2008;133:381S-453S.

  17. National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. Reducing the risk of venous thromboembolism (deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism) in in-patients undergoing surgery. NICE clinical guideline No. 46:1-160. Disponible en: http://www.nice.org.uk/CG046. Revisado el 31 marzo, 2008.

  18. Ageno W, Squizzato A, García D, Imberti D. Epidemiology and risk factors of venous thromboembolism. Semin Thromb Hemost. 2006;32:651-8.

  19. Cohen AT, Agnelli G, Anderson FA, et al. Venous thromboembolism (VTE) in Europe. The number of VTE events and associated morbidity and mortality. Thromb Haemost. 2007;98:756-64.

  20. Seagroatt V, Tan HS, Goldacre M. Elective total hip replacement: incidence, emergency readmission rate, and postoperative mortality. BMJ. 1991;303:1431-5.

  21. Lieberman JR, Sung R, Dorey F. Low-dose warfarin prophylaxis to prevent symptomatic pulmonary embolism after total knee arthroplasty. J Arthroplasty. 1997;12:180-4.

  22. Lieberman JR, Wollaeger J, Dorey F. The efficacy of prophylaxis with low-dose warfarin for prevention of pulmonary embolism following total hip arthroplasty. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1997;79:319-25.

  23. Turpie AG, Bauer KA, Eriksson BI, Lassen MR. Fondaparinux vs enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism in major orthopedic surgery: a meta-analysis of 4 randomized double-blind studies. Arch Intern Med. 2002;162:1833-40.

  24. Howie C, Hughes H, Watts AC. Venous thromboembolism associated with hip and knee replacement over a ten-year period: a populationbased study. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2005;87b:1675-80.

  25. Lotke PA, Lonner JH. The benefit of aspirin chemoprophylaxis for thromboembolism after total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop. 2006;452:175-80.

  26. Pellegrini VD, Donaldson CT, Farber DC, Lehman EB, Evarts CM. The Mark Coventry Award: prevention of readmission for venous thromboembolism after total knee arthroplasty. Clin Orthop. 2006;452:21-7.

  27. Samama CM, Vray M, Barré J, et al. Extended venous thromboembolism prophylaxis after total hip replacement: a comparison of low-molecular-weight heparin with oral anticoagulant. Arch Intern Med. 2002; 162:2191-6.

  28. Lotke PA, Steinberg ME, Ecker ML. Significance of deep venous thrombosis in the lower extremity after total joint arthroplasty. Clin Orthop. 1994;299:25-30.

  29. Sikorski JM, Hampson WG, Staddon GE. The natural history and etiology of deep vein thrombosis after total hip replacement. J Bone Joint Surg. 1981;63:171-7.

  30. White RH, Gettner S, Newman JM, Trauner KB, Romano PS. Predictors of rehospitalization for symptomatic venous thromboembolism after total hip arthroplasty. N Engl J Med. 2000;343:1758-64.

  31. White RH, Romano PS, Zhou H. A population-based comparison of the 3-month incidence of thromboembolism after major elective/urgent surgery. Thromb Haemost. 2001;(suppl):P2255.

  32. White RH, Henderson MC. Risk factors for venous thromboembolism after total hip and knee replacement surgery. Curr Op Pulm Med. 2002;8:365-71.

  33. Clarke MT, Green JS, Harper WM, Gregg PJ. Cement as a risk factor for deep-vein thrombosis. Comparison of cemented TKR, uncemented TKR and cemented THR. J Bone Joint Surg. 1998;80:611-3.

  34. Samama CM, Clergue F, Barre J, Montefiore A, Ill P, Samii K. Low molecular weight heparin associated with spinal anaesthesia and gradual compression stockings in total hip replacement surgery. Br J Anaesth. 1997;78:660-5.

  35. Majluf-Cruz A, Moreno-Hernández M, Ruiz-de-Chávez-Ochoa A, et al. Activated protein C resistance and factor V Leiden in Mexico. Clin Appl Thromb Haemost. 2008;14:428-37.

  36. Lindahl TL, Lundahl TH, Nilsson L, Andersson CA. APC-resistance is a risk factor for postoperative thromboembolism in elective replacement of the hip or knee: a prospective study. Thromb Haemost. 1999;81:18-21.

  37. Westrich GH, Weksler BB, Glueck CJ, Blumenthal BF, Salvati EA. Correlation of thrombophilia and hypofibrinolysis with pulmonary embolism following total hip arthroplasty: an analysis of genetic factors. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2002;84:2161-7.

  38. Salvati EA, Pellegrini VD Jr, Sharrock NE, et al. Recent advances in venous thromboembolic prophylaxis during and after total hip replacement. J Bone Joint Surg. 2000;82:252-70.

  39. Warwick D, Harrison J, Glew D, Mitchelmore A, Peters TJ, Donovan J. Comparison of the use of a foot pump with the use of low-molecularweight heparin for the prevention of deep-vein thrombosis after total hip replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1998;80:1158-66.

  40. Fordyce MJ, Ling RS. A venous foot pump reduces thrombosis after total hip replacement. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 1992;74:45-9.

  41. Pitto RP, Hamer H, Heiss-Dunlop W, Kuehle J. Mechanical prophylaxis of deep-vein thrombosis after total hip replacement a randomised clinical trial. J Bone Joint Surg Br. 2004;86:639-42.

  42. Planes A, Vochelle N, Mazas F, et al. Prevention of postoperative venous thrombosis: a randomized trial comparing unfractionated heparin with low molecular weight heparin in patients undergoing total hip replacement. Thromb Haemost. 1988;60:407-10.

  43. Colwell CW, Collis DK, Paulson R, et al. Comparison of enoxaparin and warfarin for the prevention of venous thromboembolic disease after total hip arthroplasty: evaluation during hospitalization and three months after discharge. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1999;81:932-40.

  44. Pellegrini VD, Donaldson CT, Farber DC, Lehman EB, Evarts CM. Prevention of readmission for venous thromboembolic disease after total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop. 2005;441:56-62.

  45. Pellegrini VD, Clement D, Lush-Ehmann C, Keller GS, Evarts CM. Natural history of thromboembolic disease after total hip arthroplasty. Clin Orthop. 1996;333:27-40.

  46. Douketis JD, Eikelboom JW, Quinlan DJ, Willan AR, Crowther MA. Short duration prophylaxis against venous thromboembolism after total hip or knee replacement: a meta-analysis of prospective studies investigating symptomatic outcomes. Arch Intern Med. 2002; 162:1465-71.

  47. Weitz JI, Hirsh J, Samama MM. New antithrombotic drug. American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th edition). Chest. 2008;133:234S-56S.

  48. Lobato-Mendizábal E, Majluf-Cruz A. Trombofilia, tromboembolia y el uso de las heparinas no fraccionadas y de bajo peso molecular. Rev Invest Clin. 2000;56:346-65.

  49. Turpie AG, Bauer KA, Eriksson BI. Superiority of fondaparinux over enoxaparin in preventing venous thromboembolism in major orthopedic surgery using different efficacy end points. Chest. 2004;126: 501-8.

  50. Warkentin TE, Greinacher A, Koster A, Lincoff M. Treatment and prevention of heparin-induced thrombocytopenia. American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines (8th edition). Chest. 2008;133:330S-80S.

  51. Furie B, Furie BC. Molecular basis of vitamin K-dependent-carboxylation. Blood. 1990;75:1753-62.

  52. Ansell J, Hirsh J, Poller L, Bussey H, Jacobson A, Hylek E. The pharmacology and management of the vitamin K antagonists: the Seventh ACCP Conference on Antithrombotic and Thrombolytic Therapy. Chest. 2004;126:Suppl:204S-33S.

  53. Sansores-García L, Majluf-Cruz AS, Vargas-Vorackova F, Labardini- Méndez J. El cociente de normalización internacional en la vigilancia de la terapia anticoagulante oral. Rev Invest Clin. 1993;45:463-7.

  54. Mismetti P, Laporte S, Zufferey P, Epinat M, Decousus H, Cucherat M. Prevention of venous thromboembolism in orthopedic surgery with vitamin K antagonists: a meta-analysis. J Thromb Haemost. 2004;2:1058-70.

  55. Erikson BI, Dahl OE, Rosencher N, et al. Dabigatran etexilate versus enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after total hip replacement: a randomised, double-blind, non-inferiority trial. Lancet. 2007;370:949.

  56. Kakkar AJ, Brenner B, Dahl OE, et al. Extended duration rivaroxaban versus short term enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after total hip arthroplasty: a double-blind, randomised controlled trial. Lancet. 2008;372:29-37.

  57. Ginsberg JS, Davidson BL, Comp PC, et al. Oral thrombin inhibitor dabigatran etexilate vs North American enoxaparin regimen for prevention of venous thromboembolism after knee arthroplasty surgery. J Arthroplasty. 2009;24:1-9.

  58. Eriksson BI, Dahl OE, Rosencher N, et al. Oral dabigatran etexilate vs. subcutaneous enoxaparin for the prevention of venous thromboembolism after total knee replacement: the RE-MODEL randomized trial. J Thromb Haemost. 2007;5:2178-85.

  59. Eriksson BI, Borris LC, Friedman RJ, et al. Rivaroxaban versus enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after hip arthroplasty. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2765-75.

  60. Lassen MR, Ageno W, Borris LC, et al. Rivaroxaban versus enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after total knee arthroplasty. N Engl J Med. 2008;358:2776-86.

  61. Turpie AG, Lassen MR, Davidson BL, et al. Rivaroxaban versus enoxaparin for thromboprophylaxis after total knee arthroplasty (RECORD4): a randomised trial. Lancet. 2009;373:1673-80.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com