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Boletín Médico del Hospital Infantil de México

2012, Número 1

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Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex 2012; 69 (1)


Alteraciones menstruales en adolescentes

Serret MJ, Hernández CA, Mendoza RO, Cárdenas NR, Villasis KMÁ

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 84
Paginas: 63-76
Archivo PDF: 468.19 Kb.


RESUMEN

Las alteraciones menstruales constituyen una causa de consulta ginecológica frecuente en adolescentes. Por esta razón, recientemente se ha propuesto que los ciclos menstruales sean considerados como un signo vital. Con el propósito de mejorar la calidad de atención de las adolescentes, en este artículo se describen los principales trastornos menstruales y la forma de abordarlos desde la perspectiva de los médicos de primer contacto.
El sangrado uterino disfuncional, la dismenorrea, así como la amenorrea u oligomenorrea son las principales alteraciones en las adolescentes. La anamnesis y la exploración física constituyen la base para la evaluación de estas adolescentes; sin embargo, en ciertas pacientes, los estudios de laboratorio y radiológicos ayudan a complementar el diagnóstico.
El sangrado uterino disfuncional es la causa más frecuente de los trastornos menstruales en la adolescencia; en general, esta condición se sospecha cuando la duración de la menstruación es mayor a 7 días y presenta una periodicidad menor a 21 días. Debido a que, primordialmente, se presenta por la inmadurez del eje hipotálamo-hipófisis, es habitual que ocurra en los primeros ciclos menstruales. El tratamiento médico está enfocado a disminuir la morbilidad y será suficiente en la mayoría de los casos. Por otra parte, la amenorrea es la condición donde hay ausencia de menstruación. Su tratamiento dependerá de la etiología, por lo que es necesario conocer si la amenorrea es primaria o secundaria. El síndrome de Turner es la causa más frecuente de amenorrea primaria en adolescentes sin desarrollo de caracteres sexuales secundarios. En la amenorrea secundaria, los estudios hormonales ayudan a orientar para descartar problemas de tiroides, hipófisis, trastornos de la alimentación o enfermedades crónicas que la ocasionen. Otro trastorno es la dismenorrea, que se clasifica en primaria y secundaria (o adquirida); la primaria ocurre en más de 80% de los casos y, a diferencia de la secundaria, no está asociada a alguna alteración, como la endometriosis. El tratamiento de elección para la dismenorrea primaria es el uso de antiinflamatorios no esteroideos mientras que para la secundaria éste dependerá de la etiología.


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