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Boletín Médico del Hospital Infantil de México

2011, Número 4

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Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex 2011; 68 (4)


Fisiología de la succión nutricia en recién nacidos y lactantes

Rendón MME, Serrano MGJ

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 48
Paginas: 319-327
Archivo PDF: 516.93 Kb.


RESUMEN

El proceso mediante el cual un recién nacido o lactante obtiene su alimento se denomina succión nutricia y se lleva a cabo ya sea al seno materno o por medio de biberón. Con el propósito de establecer las condiciones normales en las que se da este fenómeno en esta revisión se sintetizaron las bases fisiológicas de la succión nutricia. Se conoce que la succión nutricia está integrada por tres fases: expresión/succión, deglución y respiración. La coordinación de las dos primeras permite obtener un volumen adecuado de alimento y dirigirlo a la vía digestiva, sin el riesgo de que pase a las vías aéreas. La secuencia en que se dan estas fases varía con respecto a la edad del niño. En condiciones normales la succión nutricia es un proceso aeróbico que se logra con los movimientos mandibulares y de la lengua, los cuales son capaces de generar las presiones necesarias de extracción y succión de la leche de un reservorio. De esta forma, la falta de coordinación de estas fases explica los cambios en el ritmo de la succión, así como la aparición de signos clínicos anormales, como el bajo consumo del alimento, el atragantamiento, la regurgitación, el vómito o algunas alteraciones respiratorias. El conocimiento de las fases de la succión ha permitido construir escalas clínicas para detectar recién nacidos o lactantes que tienen problemas para lograr una succión nutricia adecuada, ya sea por la identificación de signos clínicos anormales o porque el consumo de leche es menor de 80% del volumen recomendado.


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