Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 153
Paginas: 145-194
Archivo PDF: 817.43 Kb.

FRAGMENTO

Esta guía sobre la tuberculosis tiene la intención de ser un documento para consulta de todo el personal de salud que, de una u otra manera, interviene en el diagnóstico y cuidado del paciente tuberculoso y también una fuente de consulta para estudiantes de medicina y médicos especialistas sobre una patología que afecta a todo el organismo. En vista de que sus conceptos están enmarcados sobre la validez científica actual de lo que hoy se conoce como medicina basada en la evidencia, se aspira a cumplir con ese propósito.

REFERENCIAS (EN ESTE ARTÍCULO)

1. Raviglione M, Snider DE, Kochi A. Global epidemiology of Tuberculosis. Morbidity and Mortality of a worldwide epidemic. JAMA 1995; 273: 220-226.

2. Koch R. Die actiologie der Tuberculose. Traducción. Bol Unión Int Tuberc 1981; 56-95.

3. Wayne LG. Microbiology of the tubercle bacilli. Am Rev Respir Dis 1982; 125 (Suppl): 31-41.

4. Loudon RG, Spohn SK. Cough frecuency and infectivity in patients with pulmonary tuberculosi. Am Rev Respir Dis 1969; 99: 109-111.

5. Welles WF. Airborne contagion and air higiene. Cambrige: Harvard University Press. 1995: 42-45.

6. Loundon RG, Roberts RM. Droplet expulsion from the respiratory tract. Am Rev Respir Dis 1967; 95: 435-442.

7. Riley RL, Mills CC, Grady E et al. Infectiouness of air from a tuberculosis ward. Am Rev Respir Dis 1962; 84: 511-525.

8. Houk VN, BakerJH,Sorensen K. The epidemiology of tuberculosis infection in a closed enviromment. Arch Environ Health 1968; 16: 26-35.

9. Cohen S, Pick E, Oppenheim J. Eds, Biology of the Limphokines. New York. Academic Press, 19: 1-626.

10. Flesch IE, Kaufmann SH. Activation of tuberculostatic macrophage activities by Interferongamma, Interleukin 4 and Tumor Necrosis Factor. Infect Immun 1990; 58: 2675-2677.

11. Rook GA. The role of activated macrophages in protection and immunophatology in tuberculosis. Res Microbiol 1990: 142.

12. Dannerberg AM. Pathogenesis of tuberculosis. In: Fisman AP, ed.Pulmonary Diseases, New York: McGraw- Hill Co. 1980: 1264-1281.

13. Mackaness GB. The immunology of antituberculous immunity. Am Rev Respir Dis 1968; 97: 337-344.

14. Youmans GP. Relation between delayed hypersensitivity and immunity in tuberculosis (Editorial). Am Rev Respir Dis 1975; 11: 109-118.

15. Canetti G. The tubercle bacillus in the pulmonary lesion of man. New York. Springer, 1995.

16. Sifford M, Bates JH. Host determinants of susceptibility to M. Tuberculosis. Semin Respir Infect 1991; 6: 44-50.

17. Dannenberg AM, Sugimoto M. Liquefaction of caseous foci in tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1976; 113: 257-259.

18. Yamamura Y. The pathogenesis of tuberculous cavities. Advances Tuberculosis Research 1958; 9: 13-37.

19. Stead WW, Bates JH. Evidence of a “silent” bacillemia in primary tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1971; 74: 559-561.

20. Rosman MD, Mayock RL. Pulmonary tuberculosis. In Schlossberg D. (ed)Tuberculosis. New York, Springer- Verlag, 1988: 61-70.

21. Bloom BR, Murray CJR. Tuberculosis. A reemergent killer. Science 1992; 257: 1055- 1064.

22. Schluger C, Rom WN. The host immune response to tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 157: 679-691.

23. Stead WW. Pahogenesis of the first episode of chronic pulmonary tuberculosis in man. Am Rev Respir Dis 1967; 95: 729-745.

24. Shoemaker SA,Fisher JH,Jones WD et al. Restriction fragment analysis of chromosomal DNA defines different strains of M. Tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 134: 210-213.

25. Raleigh JW, Wichelhausen RH, Rado TA et al. Evidence for infection by two distinct strains of M. tuberculosis in pulmonary tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1975; 112: 497-503.

26. Myers JA. The natural history of tuberculosis in the human body. JAMA. 1965; 194: 184- 190.

27. Chapman JS, Dyerly M. Social and others factors in intrafamilial trasmission of tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1964; 90: 48-60.

28. Gryzbowski S, Styblo K, Dorken E. Tuberculosis in Eskimos. Tubercle 1976; 57: S1-S58.

29. Comstock GW. Frost revisited: The modern epidemiology of tuberculosis. Am J Epidemiol 1975; 101: 363-382.

30. Horowitz O, Wilbek E, Erikson P. A longitudinal studies on the risk of tuberculosis in the general population of a low prevalence area. Bull WHO 1969; 41: 95-113.

31. Ferebee SH. Controlled chemoprophylaxis trials in tuberculosis. A general review. Adv Tuberc Res 1969; 17: 28-106.

32. Comstock GW, Livesay VT, Woolpert SF. The prognosis of a positive tuberculin reaction in childhood and adolescence. Am J Epidemiol 1974; 99: 131-138.

33. Edwards LB, Livesay VT, Acquaviva FA et al. Height, Weight, tuberculosis infection and tuberculosis disease. Arch Environ Health 1971; 22: 106-112.

34. Reichman KB, Felton CH, Edsall JR. Drug dependence, a posible new risk factor for tuberculosis disease. Arch Intern Med 1979; 39: 337-339.

35. Kaplan MH, Armstrong D, Rosen P. Tuberculosis complicating neoplastic disease. Cancer 1974; 33: 850-858.

36. DiBenedetto A, Diamond P, Essig HC. Tuberculosis following subtotal gastrectomy. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1974; 134: 586-588.

37. Chaisson R, Schecter G, Thever C et al. Tuberculosis in patients with AIDS. A population based study. Am Rev Respir Dis 1987; 136: 570-574.

38. Millar JW, Horne NW. Tuberculosis in immunosupressed patients. Lancet 1979; 1: 1176-1178.

39. Comstock GW, Cauthen GM. Tuberculosis: A Comprehensive International Approach, Reichman LB, Hersfiels ES, ed. New York: Marcel Dekker; 1993.

40. Styblo K. Epidemiology of tuberculosis. The Hague. VEB. Gustav Fischer Verlag Jina 1984: 82-100.

41. World Health Organization: Tuberculosis Control. Technical Report Series 671, 1982.

42. TB. WHO report on the tuberculosis epidemic. 1996.

43. WHO report. Global Tuberculosis Control . 2000.

44. Raviglione MC. The TB epidemic from 1992 to 2002. Tuberculosis 2003; 83: 4-14.

45. Ministerio de la Protección Social. Colombia. Programas de patologias infecciosas. 2004.

46. American Thoracic Society. Center Disease Control. Targeted tuberculin testing and treatment of latent tuberculosis infection. Am J Respir Crit Care Med (Suppl.) 2000; 161: S221-S243.

47. American Thoracic Society. The tuberculin skin test. Am Rev Respir Dis 1981; 124: 356-363.

48. Caminero JA. Guía de la Tuberculosis para médicos especialistas. UICTER. 2003.

49. Rose DN. Interpretationof the tuberculin skin test J Gen Intern Med 1995; 10: 635- 642.

50. Center for Disease Control. 1994, Core Curriculum on Tuberculosis: What the clinician should know, 3rd ed. US Department of Health and Human Services.

51. American Thoracic Society. Diagnostic standarts and clasification of tuberculosis in adults and children. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161: 1376-1395.

52. Pesanti EL. The negative tuberculin test, HIVand anergy panels. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 149: 1699-1709.

53. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. 1996, the role of BCG vaccine in the prevention and control of tuberculosis in the United States. MMWR 45: RR-4.

54. Echeverry J, Ardila E,. Pruebas diagnósticas y procesos diagnósticos. En: Ardila E, Sánchez R, Echeverry J. Estrategias de investigación en medicina clínica (2001). Bogotá. Ed. El Manual Moderno: 135-168.

55. Kiblaw SS, Jay SJ, Stoneihill RB, Norton J. Fever response of patients on therapy for pulmonary tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1981; 123: 20-24.

56. Chung DK, Hubbard WW. Hyponatremia in untreated active pulmonary tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1969; 99: 592-597.

57. Shinnick T, Good R. Diagnostic mycobacteriology laboratory practices. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21: 291-299.

58. Pomputius W, Rost J, Dennehy PG et al. Standardization of gastric aspirate technique improve yield in the diagnosis of tuberculosis in children. Pediatric Infect Dis J 1997; 16: 222-226.

59. DE Gracia J, Curull V, Vidal R, et al. Diagnosis value of bronchoalveolar lavage in suspected pulmonary tuberculosis. Chest 1988; 93: 329-332.

60. Farga V. Diagnóstico de la tuberculosis pulmonar. En: Farga V, ed. Tuberculosis. Santiago de Chile: Edit. Mediterraneo, 1992: 103-117.

61. Hobby GL, Holman AP, Iseman MD et al. Enumeration of tubercle bacilli in sputum of patient with pulmonary tuberculosis. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother 1997; 4: 94-104.

62. Yeager HJ, Lacy J, Smith L el al. Quantitative studies of mycobacterial populations in sputum and saliva. Am Rev Respir Dis 1967; 95 998-1004.

63. Laboratory Directors and Center for Disease Control. Mycobacterium Tuberculosis: Assessing Your Laboratory. US. Goverment Printing Office, Washington, DC. 1995.

64. Morgan MA, Horstmeier CD, DeYoung DR, et al. Comparison of a radiometric method (BACTEC) and conventional culture media for recovery of mycobacteria from smearnegative specimen. J Clin Microbiol 1983; 18: 384-388.

65. Enarson DA, Rieder HL, Arnadotiir T. et al. Manejo de la tuberculosis, Guía para los países con escasos recursos económicos. 5ª ed. París: Unión Internacional Contra la Tuberculosis y Enfermedades Respiratorias, 2000.

66. Burman WJ, Jones BE. Clinical and radiographic features of VIH-related tuberculosis. Semin Respir Infect 2003; 18: 263-271.

67. Johnson TM, McCannW,. Tuberculous bronchopleural fistula. Am Rev Respir Dis 1973; 107: 30-41.

68. Ocaña J, Martinez-Vasquez JM, Segura RM et al. Adenosine Deaminase in pleural fluids. Test for diagnosis of tuberculous pleural effusions. Chest 1983; 84: 51-53.

69. Stead WW, Eichenholtz A, Strauss HK. Operative pathologic findings in 24 patients with syndrome of idiopathic pleuresy with effusion presumably tuberculous. Am J Respir Dis 1955; 71: 473-502.

70. Pastores SM, Naidich DP, Aranda CP. et al. Intrathoracic adenopathy associated with pulmonary tuberculosis in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection. Chest 1993; 103: 1433-1437.

71. Kent DC. Tuberculous lymphadenitis: no a localized disease process. Am J Med Sci. 1967; 254: 866-874.

72. Christensen WI. Genitourinary tuberculosis: review of 102 cases. Medicine. 1974; 53: 377-390.

73. Simon HB, Weinstein AJ, Pasternak MS, et al. Genitourinary tuberculosis; clinical features in a general hospital. Am J Med 1977; 63: 410-420.

74. Gutman L. Extrapulmonary tuberculosis. Semin Pediatr Infect Dis 1993; 4: 250-260.

75. Martini M, Ouahes M. Bone and joint tuberculosis: a review of a 652 cases. Orthopedic 1988; 11: 861-866.

76. Jain R, Sawhney S, Berry M. Computed tomography of vertebral tuberculosis: patterns of bone destruction. Clin Radiol 1993; 47: 196-199.

77. Berenguer J, Moreno S, Laguna F, et al. Tuberculous meningitis in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. N Engl J Med 1992; 326: 668-672.

78. Brooks JB, Daneshvar MI, Haberberger RL. Rapid diagnosis of tuberculous meningitis by frecuency-pulsed electron capture gas-liquid chromatography detection of carboxylic acids in cerebrospinal fluid. J Clin Microbiol 1990; 28: 989-997.

79. Chin DP, Yajko DM, Hadley WK et al. Clinical utility of a commercial test based on the polymerase chain reaction for detecting M. Tuberculosis in respiratory specimens. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 151: 1872-1877.

80. Palma R, Lizarazo J, Vergara I. et al. La infección tuberculosa del Sistema Nervioso Central. Estudio de 86 casos en el hospital San Juan de Dios. Bogotá. Acta Med Colomb 1988; 13: 106-122.

81. Bahemuka M, Murungi JH. Tuberculosis of the nervous system: study of 39 cases in Riyad, Saudi Arabia. J neurol Sci 1989; 90: 67-76.

82. Selvapadrian S, Rajshekar V, Chandy MJ, et al. Predictive value of computed tomography –based diagnosis of intracranial tuberculoma. Neurosurgery 1994; 35: 845-850.

83. Konsuoglu SS, Ozcan C, Ozmenoglu M, et al. Intracanial Tuberculoma: Clinical and computerized tomography findings. Israel J Med Sci 1994; 30: 153-157.

84. Singh MM, Bhargova AM, Jain KP. Tuberculous peritonitis: an evaluation of pathogenetic mechanisms, diagnostic procedures and therapeutic measures. N Engl J Med 1968; 281: 1091-1094.

85. Manohar A, Simjee AE, Haffejee AA, et al. Simptoms and investigative findings in 145 patients with tuberculous peritonitis diagnosed by peritoneoscopy and biopsy over five year period. Gut 1990; 31: 1130-1132.

86. Fitzgerald JM, Menzies RI, Elwood RK. Abdominal tuberculosis: a critical review. Dig Dis 1991; 9: 269-281.

87. Marshall JB. Tuberculosis of the gastrointestinal tract and peritoneum. Am J Gastroenterol 1993; 88: 989-999.

88. Shukla HS, Gupta SC, Singh G, et al. Tubercular fistula in ano. Br J Surg 1988; 75: 38-39.

89. Chandraratna PA. Echocardiography and doppler ultrasound in the evaluation of pericardial disease. Circulation 1991; 84 (Suppl 3): 1103-1110.

90. Munt PW. Miliary tuberculosis in the chemotherapy era with a clinical review in 69 american adults. Medicine 1971; 51: 139-155.

91. Sahn SA, Jevin DE. The diagnosis of miliary tuberculosis by transbrochial lung biopsy. Br Med J 1975; 2: 667-668.

92. Willcox PA, Potgieter PD, Bateman ED. et al. Rapid diagnosis of sputum negative miliary tuberculosis using the flexible fibreoptic bronchoscope. Thorax 1986; 41: 681-684.

93. McGuiness G, Naidich DP, Jagirdar J. et al. High resolution CT findings in miliary lung disease. J Comp Assist Tomogr 1992; 16: 384-390.

94. McDermott W, Muschenhem C, Hadley SF. et al. Streptomycin in the treatment of tuberculosis in human. I. Meningitis and generalized hematogenous tuberculosis. Ann Intern Med 1947; 27: 769-822.

95. Jindani A. The early bactericidal activity of drugs in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1980; 121: 939-943.

96. Mitchison DA. Mecanismos de acción de los medicamentos en la quimioterapia en la tuberculosis. Bol Unión Int Tuberc 1985; 60: 36-39.

97. Brudney K, Dobkin J. Resurgent tuberculosis in New York City: HIV, homelessness, and the decline of tuberculosis control programs. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 144: 745-749.

98. Sumartojo E. When tuberculosis treatment fails: a social behavioral account of patient adherence. Am Rev Respir Dis 1993; 147: 1311-1320.

99. Chaulk CP, Kazandjian VA. Directly observed therapy for treatment completion of tuberculosis: census statement of the Public Health Tuberculosis Guidelines Panel. JAMA 1998; 279: 943-948.

100. Chaulk CP, Moore-Rice K, Rizzo R, et al. Eleven years of comunity-based direcly observed therapy for tuberculosis. JAMA 1995; 274: 945-951.

101. Weis SE, Slocum PC, Blais FX, et al. The effect of directly observed therapy on the rates of drugs resistance and relapse in tuberculosis. N Engl J Med 1994; 330: 1179- 1184.

102. Bull World Health Organ. TB Chemotherapy Centre. Madras. A concurrent comparison of intermitten (twice weekly) isoniazid plus streptomycin and daily isoniazid plus PAS in the domiciliary treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis. 1964; 31: 247-252.

103. Mitchison DA. Basic mechanisms of chemotherapy. Chest 1979; 76 (Suppl): 771-781.

104. Caminero JA, Pabón JM, Rodríguez de Castro F. et al. Evaluation of a directly observed six month fully intermitten treatment regimen for tuberculosis in patients suspected of poor compliance. Thorax 1996; 51: 1130-1133.

105. Fox W, Mitchison DA. State of the Art. Short-course chemotherapy for tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1975; 111: 325-330.

106. Mitchison DA, Dickinson JM. Mecanismos bactericidas en la quimioterapia de corta duración. Bol Unión Int Tuberc 1978; 53: 263-269.

107. Singapore Tuberculosis Service/British Medical Research Council. Assessment of a daily combined preparation of isoniazid, rifampin and pirazinamide in a controlled trial of three 6-month regimens for smearpositive pulmonary tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 143: 707-712.

108. Moulding T, Dutt AK, Reichman LB. Fixed-dosis combination of antituberculous medications to prevent drug resistence. Ann Intern Med 1995; 122: 951-954.

109. Recomendaciones del Comité de Tratamiento de la UICTER: Regimenes de quimioterapia antituberculosa. Bol Unión Int Tuberc 1998; 63: 64-68.

110. Gross PA, Barret TL, Dellinger EP, et al. Purpose of quality standards for infectious diseases. Clin Infect Dis 1994; 18: 4421-422.

111. León CE, Villar LA, Guerrero MI. Tendencia de la resistencia y multirresistencia del M. Tuberculosis a las drogas antituberculosas en Colombia. Informe. Instituto Nacional de Salud, Bogotá. 2000.

112. Guía de atención de la tuberculosis pulmonar y extrapulmonar. Mininisterio Salud, Colombia. 2000.

113. British Thoracic Association. A controlled trial of six months chemotherapy in pulmonary tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1982; 126: 460-462.

114. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Reported tuberculosis in the United States 2001. Atlanta, GA: US Deparment of Health and Human Services, 2002. www.cdc.gov/nchstp/th.

115. Mitchison DA, Nunn AJ. Influence of initial drug resistance on the response to short-course chemotherapy of pulmonary tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 133: 423-430.

116. Tuberculosis trials Consortium. Rifapentine and isoniazid once a week versus rifampin and isoniazid twice a week for treatment of drug-susceptible pulmonary tuberculosis: randomized clinical trial. Lancet 2002; 360: 528-534.

117. Ziersky M, Bek E. Short-course (6-month) cooperative tuberculosis study in Poland: results 30 month after completion of treatment. Am Rev Respir Dis 1981; 124: 249-251

118. Bock NN, Sterling TR, Hamilton CD, et al. Tuberculosis Trial Consortium. CDC. Atlanta, GA. A prospective, randomized double blind study of the torelability of rifapentine 600, 900 and 1200 mg plus isoniazid in the continuation phase of tuberculosis treatment. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2002; 165: 1526-1530.

119. Hong Kong Chest Service/Tuberculosis Research Centre, Madras /BMRC. A controlled clinical comparison of 8 and 6 months of antituberculosis chemotherapy in the treatment of patients with silicotuberculosis in Hong Kong. Am Rev Respir Dis 1991; 143: 262-267.

120. Bass JB, Farer S, Hopewell PC, et al. Treatment of tuberculosis and tuberculosis infection in adults and children. American Thoracic Society and the Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1994; 149: 1359-1374.

121. Tuberculosis Research Centre, Madras. A controlled clinical trial of 3 and 5 month regimens in the treatment of sputum-positive pulmonary tuberculosis in south India. Am Rev Respir Dis 1986; 134: 27-33

122. East Africa-British Medical Research Council. Controlled clinical trial of five shortcourse (4-month) chemotherapy regimens in pulmonary tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1981; 123: 165-170.

123. Hong Kong Chest Service/British Medical Research Council. Controlled trial of 2, 4 and 6 months of pyrazinamide in 6-months, three times weekly regimens for smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis, including assessment of a combined preparation of isoniazid, rifampin and pyrazinamide: results at 30 months. Am J Respir Dis 1991; 143: 700-776.

124. Mitchison DA. Role of individual drugs in the chemoteraphy of tuberculosis. In J Tuberc Lung Dis 2000; 4: 796-806.

125. Van Rie A, Warren R, Richardson M, et al. Exogenous reinfection as a cause of recurrent tuberculosis after curative treatment. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 1174-1179

126. Prevención y Control de Tuberculosis. Guía de atención integral. Ministerio de Salud. Colombia. Marzo de 1998.

127. East African/British Medical Research Council. Retreatment investigation. Streptomycin plus PAS plus pyrazinamide in the retreatment of pulmonary tuberculosis in East Africa. Tubercle 1971; 52: 191-198.

128. Mahmoundi A, Iseman MD. Surgical intervention in the treatment of drug resistant tuberculosis. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 145, A816.

129. American Thoracic Society. Preventive treatment in tuberculosis: a statement by the Committee on therapy. Am Rev Respir Dis 1965; 91: 297-298.

130. Garibaldi RA, Drusin RE, Ferebee SH, et al. Isoniazidassociated hepatitis: report of a outbreak. Am Rev Respir Dis 1972; 106: 357-365.

131. American Thoracic Society/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/ Infection Disease Society of America: Treatment of tuberculosis. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2003; 167: 603-662.

132. International Union against tuberculosis: five years of follow-up in the IUAT trial. Bull World Health Organ. 1982; 60: 555-564.

133. Joint Tuberculosis Committeee of the British Thoracic Society. Control and Prevention of tuberculosis in the United Kingdom: Code of practice. 1994. Thorax 1994; 49: 1193-1200.

134. Hong Kong Chest Service, Tuberculosis Research Centre, Madras and British Medical Research Council. A double-blind placebo-controlled clinical trial on three antituberculosis chemoprophylaxis regimens in patients with silicosis in Hong Kong. Am Rev Respir Dis 1992; 145: 36-41.

135. Bucher HC, Griffith LE, Guyatt GH, et al. Isoniazid prophylaxis for tuberculosis in HIV infection: a metaanalysis of randomized controlled trials. AIDS 1999; 13: 501-507.

136. Bateman ED. Is tuberculosis chemoprophylaxis necesary for patients receiving corticosteroids for respiratory disease? Respir Med 1993; 87: 485-487.

137. Tripathy SP. Fifteen-year follow-up of indian BCG preventive trial. Bull Int Union Tuberc 1987; 62: 69-72.

138. Colditz GA, Brewer TF, Berkey CS, et al. Efficacy of BCG vaccine in the prevention of tuberculosis: metaanalysis of the published literature. JAMA 1994; 271: 698-702.

139. Selwyn PA, Hartel D, Lewis VA, et al. A prospective study of the risk of tuberculosis among intravenous drug users with human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Engl J Med 1989; 320: 545-550.

140. Perriens JH, Louis ME, Mukadi YB, et al. Pulmonary tuberculosis in HIV-infected patients in Zaire: a controlled trial of treatment for either 6 or 12 months. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 779-784.

141. Centers Of Disease Control and Prevention. Prevention and treatment of tuberculosis among patients infected with human immunodeficiency viruis: principles of therapy and revised of recommendations. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1998; 47: 1-b8.

142. Center for Disease Control and Prevention. Updated guidelines for the use of rifabutin or rifampin for the treatment and prevention of tuberculosis among HIVinfected patients taking protease inhibtors or nonnucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors. MMWR 2000; 49: 185-200.

143. Narita M, Ashkin D, Hollander ES, et al. Paradoxical worsening of tuberculosis following antiretroviral therapy in patients with AIDS. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 158: 157-161.

144. Gordin FM, Matis JP, Miller C, et al. A controlled trial of isoniazid in persons with anergy and human immunodeficiency virus infection who are at high risk for tuberculosis. N Engl J Med 1997; 337: 315-320.

145. Wiltman AC, Rose DN. The safety of bacille Calmette-Guérin vaccination in HIVinfected and AIDS. AIDS 1993; 7: 149-157.

146. Raviglione MC, Narin JP, Kochi A. HIV-associated tuberculosis in developing countries: clinical features, diagnosis and treatment. Bull WHO 1992; 70: 515-526.

147. Starke JR, Jacobs RF, Jereb J. Resurgence of tuberculosis in children. J Pediatric 1992; 120: 839-855.

148. Abadco DL, Sterner P. Gastric Lavage is better than bronchoalveolar lavage for isolation of M. tuberculosis in childhood pulmonary tuberculosis. Pediatric Infect Dis 1992; 11: 735-738.

149. Kumar L, Dhand R, Singhi PO, et al. A randomized trial of fully intermitent vs daily followed by intermitent short-course chemoteraphy for childhood tuberculosis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1990; 9: 802-806.

150. Varudkar B. Short-course chemoteraphy for tuberculosis in children. Indian J Pediatr 1985; 52: 593-597.

151. Trebuqq A. Should ethambutol be recommended for routine treatment of tuberculosis in children? A review of the literature. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis 1997; 1: 12-15.

152. United States Public Health Service. Hepatic toxicity of pyrazinamide used with isoniazid in tuberculous patients. USPH. Tuberculosis teraphy trial. Am Rev Respir Dis 1959; 80: 371-387.

153. Pomerantz BJ, Cleveland JC, Olson HK, et al. Pulmonary resection for multi-drug resistant tuberculosis. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2001; 121: 448-453.