Gómez CJD, Latorre SG

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 76
Paginas: 355-372
Archivo PDF: 986.37 Kb.

RESUMEN

La obesidad es considerada una epidemia a nivel mundial y será seguida por una epidemia de diabetes. En el año 2005, más de 400 millones de adultos eran obesos en todo el mundo y este número se espera que aumente a más de 700 millones para el 2015. La obesidad es una entidad que está asociada con enfermedades crónicas, como son la diabetes mellitus tipo 2 y la enfermedad cardiovascular. Además, la obesidad puede promover el desarrollo de otros trastornos como el síndrome metabólico, la esteatosis hepática no alcohólica, la hipertensión y algunos cánceres. Aunque existe una base genética para la obesidad, el aumento en el consumo de calorías y estilos de vida poco saludables, sin actividad física, ha disparado la prevalencia de esta condición. Una intervención más eficaz para prevenir y tratar la obesidad, debe convertirse en una prioridad para el sistema de salud, que garantice un mejor pronóstico para estos individuos.

REFERENCIAS (EN ESTE ARTÍCULO)

1. World Health Organization. Obesity and overweight. Fact sheet No. 311. September 2006. http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs311/en/index.html. Accessed May 11, 2010.

2. Overweight, obesity, and health risk. National Task Force on the Prevention and Treatment of Obesity. Arch Intern Med 2000; 160: 898-904.

3. Calle EE, Rodriguez C, Walker-Thurmond K, Thun MJ. Overweight, obesity, and mortality from cancer in a prospectively studied cohort of U.S. adults. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 1625-1638.

4. Kenchaiah S, Evans JC, Levy D, Wilson PW, Benjamin EJ, Larson MG, et al. Obesity and the risk of heart failure. N Engl J Med 2002; 347: 305-313.

5. Olshansky SJ, Passaro DJ, Hershow RC, Layden J, Carnes BA, Brody J, et al. A potential decline in life expectancy in the United States in the 21st century. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 1138-1145.

6. Fontaine KR, Redden DT, Wang C, Westfall AO, Allison DB. Years of life lost due to obesity. JAMA 2003; 289: 187-193.

7. Franks PW, Hanson RL, Knowler WC, Sievers ML, Bennett PH, Looker HC. Childhood obesity, other cardiovascular risk factors, and premature death. N Engl J Med 2010; 362: 485-493.

8. World Health Organization. The world health report 2006: working together for health. http://www.who.int/whr/2006/en/. Accessed on May 15, 2010.

9. Aronne LJ, Nelinson DS, Lillo JL. Obesity as a disease state: a new paradigm for diagnosis and treatment. Clin Cornerstone 2009; 9: 9-25; discussion 26-29.

10. Murphy KG, Bloom SR. Gut hormones and the regulation of energy homeostasis. Nature 2006; 444: 854-859.

11. Bray GA. Medical consequences of obesity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2004; 89: 2583-2589.

12. Ebbeling CB, Pawlak DB, Ludwig DS. Childhood obesity: public-health crisis, common sense cure. Lancet 2002; 360: 473-482.

13. Gade W, Gade J, Collins M, Schmit J, Schupp N. Failures of feedback: rush hour along the highway to obesity. Clin Lab Sci 2010; 23: 39-50.

14. Poirier P, Giles TD, Bray GA, Hong Y, Stern JS, Pi-Sunyer FX, et al. Obesity and cardiovascular disease: pathophysiology, evaluation, and effect of weight loss: an update of the 1997 American Heart Association Scientific Statement on Obesity and Heart Disease from the Obesity Committee of the Council on Nutrition, Physical Activity, and Metabolism. Circulation 2006; 113: 898-918.

15. Farooqi IS, O’Rahilly S. Genetic factors in human obesity. Obes Rev 2007; 8 Suppl 1: 37-40.

16. Candib LM. Obesity and diabetes in vulnerable populations: reflection on proximal and distal causes. Ann Fam Med 2007; 5: 547-556.

17. Caballero B. A nutrition paradox--underweight and obesity in developing countries. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 1514-1516.

18. Popkin BM. The nutrition transition and its health implications in lower-income countries. Public Health Nutr 1998; 1: 5-21.

19. Qvortrup M. Globalisation and obesity. Obes Pract 2005; 1: 10-12.

20. Suplicy Hde L, Bornschein A. Infeccions as the etiology for obesity. Arq Bras Endocrinol Metabol 2009; 53: 159-164.

21. Redinger RN. The prevalence and etiology of nongenetic obesity and associated disorders. South Med J 2008; 101: 395-399.

22. Dallman MF, Akana SF, Pecoraro NC, Warne JP, la Fleur SE, Foster MT. Glucocorticoids, the etiology of obesity and the metabolic syndrome. Curr Alzheimer Res 2007; 4: 199-204.

23. Rotondi M, Leporati P, La Manna A, Pirali B, Mondello T, Fonte R, et al. Raised serum TSH levels in patients with morbid obesity: is it enough to diagnose subclinical hypothyroidism? Eur J Endocrinol 2009; 160: 403-408.

24. Flegal KM, Graubard BI, Williamson DF, Gail MH. Cause-specific excess deaths associated with underweight, overweight, and obesity. JAMA 2007; 298: 2028-2037.

25. Ogden CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, McDowell MA, Tabak CJ, Flegal KM. Prevalence of overweight and obesity in the United States, 1999-2004. JAMA 2006; 295: 1549-1555.

26. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Kuczmarski RJ, Johnson CL. Overweight and obesity in the United States: prevalence and trends, 1960-1994. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1998; 22: 39-47.

27. Chu SY, Bachman DJ, Callaghan WM, Whitlock EP, Dietz PM, Berg CJ, et al. Association between obesity during pregnancy and increased use of health care. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 1444-1453.

28. Hossain P, Kawar B, El Nahas M. Obesity and diabetes in the developing world--a growing challenge. N Engl J Med 2007; 356: 213-215.

29. Sinha R, Fisch G, Teague B, Tamborlane WV, Banyas B, Allen K, et al. Prevalence of impaired glucose tolerance among children and adolescents with marked obesity. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 802-810.

30. Hedley AA, Ogden CL, Johnson CL, Carroll MD, Curtin LR, Flegal KM. Prevalence of overweight and obesity among US children, adolescents, and adults, 1999-2002. JAMA 2004; 291: 2847-2850.

31. Vasan RS, Pencina MJ, Cobain M, Freiberg MS, D’Agostino RB. Estimated risks for developing obesity in the Framingham Heart Study. Ann Intern Med 2005; 143: 473-480.

32. Freedman DS, Khan LK, Serdula MK, Galuska DA, Dietz WH. Trends and correlates of class 3 obesity in the United States from 1990 through 2000. JAMA 2002; 288: 1758-1761.

33. Bonora E, Kiechl S, Willeit J, Oberhollenzer F, Egger G, Targher G, et al. Prevalence of insulin resistance in metabolic disorders: the Bruneck Study. Diabetes 1998; 47: 1643-1649.

34. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Daniels SR, Donato KA, Eckel RH, Franklin BA, et al. Diagnosis and management of the metabolic syndrome: an American Heart Association/National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute Scientific Statement. Circulation 2005; 112: 2735-2752.

35. Alberti KG, Zimmet PZ. Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications. Part 1: diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus provisional report of a WHO consultation. Diabet Med 1998; 15: 539-553.

36. National Institutes of Health. Third report of the National Cholesterol Education Program Expert Panel on Detection, Evaluation, and Treatment of High Blood Cholesterol in Adults (Adult Treatment Panel III). NIH publication number 01-3670, 2001.

37. Alberti KG, Eckel RH, Grundy SM, Zimmet PZ, Cleeman JI, Donato KA, et al. Harmonizing the metabolic syndrome: a joint interim statement of the International Diabetes Federation Task Force on Epidemiology and Prevention; National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute; American Heart Association; World Heart Federation; International Atherosclerosis Society; and International Association for the Study of Obesity. Circulation 2009; 120: 1640-1645.

38. Kojima S, Funahashi T, Maruyoshi H, Honda O, Sugiyama S, Kawano H, et al. Levels of the adipocyte-derived plasma protein, adiponectin, have a close relationship with atheroma. Thromb Res 2005; 115: 483-490.

39. Ryo M, Nakamura T, Kihara S, Kumada M, Shibazaki S, Takahashi M, et al. Adiponectin as a biomarker of the metabolic syndrome. Circ J 2004; 68: 975-981.

40. Haslam DW, James WP. Obesity. Lancet 2005; 366: 1197-1209.

41. Ford ES, Giles WH, Dietz WH. Prevalence of the metabolic syndrome among US adults: findings from the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. JAMA 2002; 287: 356-359.

42. Colditz GA, Willett WC, Rotnitzky A, Manson JE. Weight gain as a risk factor for clinical diabetes mellitus in women. Ann Intern Med 1995; 122: 481-486.

43. Chan JM, Rimm EB, Colditz GA, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC. Obesity, fat distribution, and weight gain as risk factors for clinical diabetes in men. Diabetes Care 1994; 17: 961-969.

44. Gautier A, Roussel R, Ducluzeau PH, Lange C, Vol S, Balkau B, et al. Increases in waist circumference and weight as predictors of type 2 diabetes in individuals with impaired fasting glucose: influence of baseline BMI Data from the D.E.S.I.R. Study. Diabetes Care 2010.

45. Alpert MA. Obesity cardiomyopathy: pathophysiology and evolution of the clinical syndrome. Am J Med Sci 2001; 321: 225-236.

46. Dagenais GR, Yi Q, Mann JF, Bosch J, Pogue J, Yusuf S. Prognostic impact of body weight and abdominal obesity in women and men with cardiovascular disease. Am Heart J 2005; 149: 54-60.

47. Boudreaux ED, Wood KB, Mehan D, Scarinci I, Taylor CL, Brantley PJ. Congruence of readiness to change, self-efficacy, and decisional balance for physical activity and dietary fat reduction. Am J Health Promot 2003; 17: 329-336.

48. Eckel RH. Clinical practice. Nonsurgical management of obesity in adults. N Engl J Med 2008; 358: 1941-1950.

49. Freedman DS, Khan LK, Dietz WH, Srinivasan SR, Berenson GS. Relationship of childhood obesity to coronary heart disease risk factors in adulthood: the Bogalusa Heart Study. Pediatrics 2001; 108: 712-718.

50. Dietz WH, Robinson TN. Clinical practice. Overweight children and adolescents. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 2100-2109.

51. Grundy SM, Cleeman JI, Merz CN, Brewer HB, Jr., Clark LT, Hunninghake DB, et al. Implications of recent clinical trials for the National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III guidelines. Circulation 2004; 110: 227-239.

52. Zhu S, Wang Z, Heshka S, Heo M, Faith MS, Heymsfield SB. Waist circumference and obesity- associated risk factors among whites in the third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey: clinical action thresholds. Am J Clin Nutr 2002; 76: 743-749.

53. Wang Y, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Hu FB. Comparison of abdominal adiposity and overall obesity in predicting risk of type 2 diabetes among men. Am J Clin Nutr 2005; 81: 555-563.

54. Yusuf S, Hawken S, Ounpuu S, Bautista L, Franzosi MG, Commerford P, et al. Obesity and the risk of myocardial infarction in 27,000 participants from 52 countries: a case-control study. Lancet 2005; 366: 1640-1649.

55. Pischon T, Boeing H, Hoffmann K, Bergmann M, Schulze MB, Overvad K, et al. General and abdominal adiposity and risk of death in Europe. N Engl J Med 2008; 359: 2105-2120.

56. National Institutes of Health. National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute and North American Association for the Study of Obesity. The Practical Guide. Identification, Evaluation, and Treatment of Overweight and Obesity in Adults. NIH publication number 00-4084, 2000.

57. Deurenberg P, Yap M, van Staveren WA. Body mass index and percent body fat: a meta analysis among different ethnic groups. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 1998; 22: 1164-1171.

58. Gallagher D, Heymsfield SB, Heo M, Jebb SA, Murgatroyd PR, Sakamoto Y. Healthy percentage body fat ranges: an approach for developing guidelines based on body mass index. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 72: 694-701.

59. Bjorntorp P, De Jounge K, Sjostrom L, Sullivan L. The effect of physical training on insulin production in obesity. Metabolism 1970; 19: 631-638.

60. Knowler WC, Barrett-Connor E, Fowler SE, Hamman RF, Lachin JM, Walker EA, et al. Reduction in the incidence of type 2 diabetes with lifestyle intervention or metformin. N Engl J Med 2002; 346: 393-403.

61. Tuomilehto J, Lindstrom J, Eriksson JG, Valle TT, Hamalainen H, Ilanne-Parikka P, et al. Prevention of type 2 diabetes mellitus by changes in lifestyle among subjects with impaired glucose tolerance. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 1343-1350.

62. Torgerson JS, Hauptman J, Boldrin MN, Sjostrom L. XENical in the prevention of diabetes in obese subjects (XENDOS) study: a randomized study of orlistat as an adjunct to lifestyle changes for the prevention of type 2 diabetes in obese patients. Diabetes Care 2004; 27: 155-161.

63. Stevens VJ, Obarzanek E, Cook NR, Lee IM, Appel LJ, Smith West D, et al. Long-term weight loss and changes in blood pressure: results of the Trials of Hypertension Prevention, phase II. Ann Intern Med 2001; 134: 1-11.

64. Wood PD, Stefanick ML, Dreon DM, Frey- Hewitt B, Garay SC, Williams PT, et al. Changes in plasma lipids and lipoproteins in overweight men during weight loss through dieting as compared with exercise. N Engl J Med 1988; 319: 1173-1179.

65. Sjostrom CD, Lissner L, Sjostrom L. Relationships between changes in body composition and changes in cardiovascular risk factors: the SOS Intervention Study. Swedish Obese Subjects. Obes Res 1997; 5: 519-530.

66. Sjostrom CD, Lissner L, Wedel H, Sjostrom L. Reduction in incidence of diabetes, hypertension and lipid disturbances after intentional weight loss induced by bariatric surgery: the SOS Intervention Study. Obes Res 1999; 7: 477-484.

67. Sjostrom L, Lindroos AK, Peltonen M, Torgerson J, Bouchard C, Carlsson B, et al. Lifestyle, diabetes, and cardiovascular risk factors 10 years after bariatric surgery. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 2683-2693.

68. Gutiérrez-Restrepo J, Latorre-Sierra G, Campuzano- Maya G. Síndrome de Cushing. Medicina & Laboratorio 2009: 15: 411-430.

69. Williamson DF, Pamuk E, Thun M, Flanders D, Byers T, Heath C. Prospective study of intentional weight loss and mortality in never-smoking overweight US white women aged 40-64 years. Am J Epidemiol 1995; 141: 1128-1141.

70. Huang Z, Willett WC, Manson JE, Rosner B, Stampfer MJ, Speizer FE, et al. Body weight, weight change, and risk for hypertension in women. Ann Intern Med 1998; 128: 81-88.

71. Felson DT, Zhang Y, Anthony JM, Naimark A, Anderson JJ. Weight loss reduces the risk for symptomatic knee osteoarthritis in women. The Framingham Study. Ann Intern Med 1992; 116: 535-539.

72. Leibel RL, Rosenbaum M, Hirsch J. Changes in energy expenditure resulting from altered body weight. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 621-628.

73. Shick SM, Wing RR, Klem ML, McGuire MT, Hill JO, Seagle H. Persons successful at longterm weight loss and maintenance continue to consume a low-energy, low-fat diet. J Am Diet Assoc 1998; 98: 408-413.

74. Hill JO, Wyatt HR. Role of physical activity in preventing and treating obesity. J Appl Physiol 2005; 99: 765-770.

75. Perri MG, Nezu AM, McKelvey WF, Shermer RL, Renjilian DA, Viegener BJ. Relapse prevention training and problem-solving therapy in the long-term management of obesity. J Consult Clin Psychol 2001; 69: 722-726.

76. Svetkey LP, Stevens VJ, Brantley PJ, Appel LJ, Hollis JF, Loria CM, et al. Comparison of strategies for sustaining weight loss: the weight loss maintenance randomized controlled trial. JAMA 2008; 299: 1139-1148.