2011, Número 5
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Salud Mental 2011; 34 (5)
Tratamiento multimodal de niños y adolescentes con depresión
Ulloa-Flores RE, de la Peña-Olvera F, Nogales-Imaca I
Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 37
Paginas: 403-407
Archivo PDF: 74.94 Kb.
RESUMEN
El trastorno depresivo mayor (TDM) en niños y adolescentes es un trastorno común y discapacitante, a menudo recurrente, que persiste hasta la edad adulta y se ha asociado a disfunción familiar, social y escolar y a la conducta suicida. Este artículo presenta una revisión de la bibliografía acerca de la eficacia y seguridad de los antidepresivos en este grupo de edad, así como el efecto de la psicoeducación y otras intervenciones psicológicas en el funcionamiento académico y social de los pacientes. Para su elaboración se examinaron preferentemente estudios aleatorizados doble ciego y metaanálisis; también se revisaron los consensos de expertos.
En cuanto al tratamiento farmacológico, los inhibidores selectivos de recaptura de serotonina han mostrado eficacia superior a la del placebo en estudios controlados doble ciego. En particular, la fluoxetina ha sido aprobada por la FDA para su uso en niños y adolescentes y el escitalopram para su uso en adolescentes. Otros antidepresivos, como la venlafaxina o mirtazapina, no han mostrado eficacia superior al placebo en estudios controlados. El tratamiento farmacológico debe considerar la comorbilidad.
La psicoeducación es el primer componente del tratamiento psicosocial. La psicoterapia tiene como objetivo la reducción de la gravedad de los síntomas a través del incremento de la autoestima, de la tolerancia a la frustración, de la autonomía y de la capacidad de disfrutar actividades de la vida diaria. La terapia interpersonal y la terapia cognitivo conductual han mostrado eficacia en niños y adolescentes en ensayos controlados. Es importante el seguimiento de los pacientes para evitar las recaídas y complicaciones como la conducta suicida.
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