medigraphic.com
ISSN 2007-4360 (Impreso)
Asociación Mexicana de Periodontología, Colegio de Periodoncistas A.C

2011, Número 1

<< Anterior Siguiente >>

Rev Mex Periodontol 2011; 2 (1)


Biotipos, fenotipos y genotipos. ¿Qué biotipo tenemos? (Segunda parte)

Zerón A

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 50
Paginas: 22-33
Archivo PDF: 726.73 Kb.


FRAGMENTO

Fenotipos y biotipos

Fenotipo es la manifestación y expresión del genotipo. En biología y ciencias de la salud, se denomina fenotipo a la manifestación visible del genotipo en un determinado ambiente. El fenotipo de un organismo individual es la apariencia física y la constitución, o manifestación específica de un determinado rasgo, como el tamaño o el color de ojos; esto varía entre los diferentes individuos, aunque puede ser similar en rasgos familiares.


REFERENCIAS (EN ESTE ARTÍCULO)

  1. Levine EB. Hippocrates. Nueva York: Twayne Publishers, Inc., 1971: 46.

  2. Adams S, David L. Earth Science: An illustrated guide to science. New York NY 10001: Chelsea House. 2006: 2.

  3. Jackson SW. Melancholia and depression: From hippocratic times to modern times. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1986: 5.

  4. Sheldon WH. (collaboration of S.S. Stevens). The varieties of temperament. Harper and Brothers, New York. 1942.

  5. Sheldon WH. (collaboration of S.S. Stevens and W.B. Tucker). The varieties of human physique. Harper and Brothers, New York. 1940.

  6. Gargiulo AW, Wentz FM, Orban B. Dimensions and relations of the dentogingival junction in humans. J Periodontol 1961; 32: 261-267.

  7. Sicher H. Changing concepts of the supporting dental structure. Oral Surgery 1959; 12: 31-35.

  8. Kois JK. Altering gingival levels. The restaurative connection. Part. 1 Biological variables. J Esthet Dent 1994; 6: 3-9.

  9. Sanavi F, Weisgold AS, Rose LF. Biologic width and its relation to periodontal biotypes. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry 1998; 10: 157-163.

  10. Allen EP. Surgical crown lengthening for function and esthetics. Dent Clin North Am 1993; 37: 163-179. 200.

  11. Garber DA, Salama MA. The aesthetic smile: Diagnosis and treatment. Periodontology 2000 1996; 11: 18-28.

  12. Bidault P. Eruption passive altérée et sourire gingival: Quelle implications en orthodontie? Alpha Omega News 2010; 133-Mai.

  13. Coslet JG, Varnarsdall R, Weisgold A. Diagnosis and classification of delayed passive eruption of the dentogingival junction in the adult. Alpha Omega 1977; 70: 24-8.

  14. Kois JC. The restorative-periodontal interface: biological parameters. Periodontol 2000 1996; 11: 29-38.

  15. Terry DA, McGuire M. The perio-aesthetic-restorative approach for anterior reconstruction. Part I: Evaluation and periodontal surgery. Pract Proced Aesthet Dent 2002; 14: 283-91.

  16. Kokich VG. Anterior dental esthetics: An orthodontic perspective. II. Vertical relationship. J Esthet Dent 1993; 5: 174-8.

  17. Kokich VG. Anterior dental esthetics: An orthodontic perspective. III. Mediolateral relationships. J Esthet Dent 1993; 5: 200-7.

  18. Seibert J, Lindhe J. Esthetics in periodontal therapy. In: Lindhe J, ed. Textbook of Clinical Periodontology, 3rd ed. Copenhagen, Munksgaard; 1997: 647-681.

  19. Ochsenbein C, Ross S. A reevaluation of osseous surgery. Dent Clin North Am 1969; 13: 87-102.

  20. Weisgold A. Contours of the full crown restoration. Alpha Omegan 1977; 70: 77-89.

  21. Olsson M, Lindhe J. Periodontal characteristics in individuals with varying form of the upper central incisors. J Clin Periodontol 1991; 18: 78-82.

  22. De Rouck T, Eghbali R, Collys K, De Bruyn H, Cosyn J. The gingival biotype revisited: Transparency of the periodontal probe through the gingival margin as a method to discriminate thin from thick gingiva. J Clin Periodontol 2009; 36: 428-433.

  23. Eghbali A, De Rouck T, De Bruyn H, Cosyn J. The gingival biotype assessed by experienced and inexperienced clinicians. J Clin Periodontol 2009; 36: 958-963.

  24. Rufenacht CR. Fundamentos de estética. Trad. (1998) Ritter AV, São Paulo: Santos. p. 375.

  25. Ahmad I. Geometric considerations in anterior dental aesthetics: restorative principles. Pract Periodontic Aesthetic Dent 1998; 10: 813-23.

  26. Miskinyar SAC. A new method for correcting a gummy smile. Plastic Reconst Surg 1983; 72: 397-400.

  27. Sullivan WG. Gummy smile. Plastic Reconst Surg 1984; 84: 697-8.

  28. Peck H, Peck S. A concept of facial esthetics. Angle Orthodontics 1970; 40: 284-318.

  29. Allen EP. Aesthetics and plastic surgery in periodontics. Periodontol 2000 1996; 11: 7-110.

  30. Lombardi RE. The principles of visual perception and their clinical application to denture esthetics. J Prost Dent 1973; 29: 358-82.

  31. Weisgold AS, Arnoux JP, Lu J. Single-tooth anterior implant: a world of caution. Part I. Journal of Esthetic Dentistry 1997; 9 (5): 225-33.

  32. Sanavi F, Weisgold AS, Rose LF. Biologic width and its relation to periodontal biotypes. J Esthet Dent 1998: 10-3, 157-163.

  33. Maynard JG, Wilson RD. Physiologic dimensions of the periodontium significant to the restorative dentist. J Periodontol 1979; 50 (4): 170-4.

  34. Eger T, Müller HP, Heinecke A. Ultrasonic determination of gingival thickness. Journal Clinic Periodontal 1996; 23: 839-845.

  35. Januario L, Barriviera A, Duarte W. Soft tissue cone-beam computed tomography: A novel method for the measurement of gingival tissue and the dimensions of the dentogingival unit. J Esthet Restor Dent 2008; 20 (6): 366-73; discussion 374.

  36. Nisapakultorn K, Suphanantachat S, Silkosessak O, Rattanamongkolgul S. Factors affecting soft tissue level around anterior maxillary single-tooth implants. Clinical Oral Implants Research 2010; 21: 662-670.

  37. Cardaropoli G, Araújo M, Lindhe J. Dynamics of bone tissue formation in tooth extraction sites. An experimental study in dogs. J Clin Periodontol 2003; 30: 809-818.

  38. Araújo MG, Lindhe J. Dimensional ridge alterations following tooth extraction. An experimental study in the dog. J Clin Periodontol 2005; 32: 212-218.

  39. Schropp L, Wenzel A, Kostopoulos L, Karring T. Bone healing and soft tissue contour changes following single-tooth extraction: a clinical and radiographic 12-month prospective study. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent 2003; 23: 313-323.

  40. Araujo MG, Lindhe J. Ridge alterations following tooth extraction with and without flap elevation: an experimental study in the dog. Clin Oral Impl Res 2009; 20: 545-549.

  41. Fickl S, Zuhr O, Wachtel H, Bolz W, Huerzeler MB. Hard tissue alterations after socket preservation: an experimental study in the Beagle dog. Clin Oral Impl Res 2008; 19: 1111-1118.

  42. Caplanis N, Lozada J, Kan J. Extraction defect assessment, classification and management. CDA Journal 2005; 33 (11).

  43. Kois JC. New paradigms for anterior tooth preparation: rationale and technique. Contemporary Esthetic Dentistry 1996; 2 (1): 1-8.

  44. Pontoriero R, Carnevale G. Surgical crown lengthening: a 12-month clinical wound healing study. J Periodontol 2001: 841-8.

  45. Müller Hans-Peter, Eger T. Gingival phenotypes in young male adults. J Clin Periodontol 1997; 24: 65-71.

  46. Tarnow DP. Surgical considerations for the prosthodontic patient. Prosthod and Endodont 1992: 34-38.

  47. De Rouck T, Eghbali R Collys K, De Bruyn H, Cosyn J. The gingival biotype revisited: transparency of the periodontal probe through the gingival margin as a method to discriminate thin from thick gingiva. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 2009; 36: 428-433.

  48. Eghbali A, De Rouck T, De Bruyn H, Cosyn J. The gingival biotype assessed by experienced and inexperienced clinicians. Journal of Clinical Periodontology 2009; 36: 958-963.

  49. Nisapakultorn K, Suphanantachat S, Silkosessak O, Rattanamongkolgul S. Factors affecting soft tissue level around anterior maxillary single-tooth implants. Clinical Oral Implants Research 2010; 21: 662-670.

  50. Schaudinn C, Gorur A, Keller D, Sedghizadeh PP, Costerton JW. Periodontitis: an archetypical biofilm disease. J Am Dent Assoc 2009; 140 (8): 978-86.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com