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2010, Número 3

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Rev ADM 2010; 67 (3)


Tabaquismo: factor de riesgo para enfermedad periodontal

Koushyar PKJ, Hernández AA

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 159
Paginas: 101-113
Archivo PDF: 848.37 Kb.


RESUMEN

Objetivo: Establecer, mediante la revisión de la literatura, la relación existente entre el tabaquismo y la morbilidad periodontal.
El tabaco tiene un efecto tóxico en el periodonto, reduce la actividad funcional de leucocitos y macrófagos, disminuye la fagocitosis de los leucocitos polimorfonucleares, promoviendo un incremento en la proporción de bacterias anaeróbicas en la placa dentobacteriana y presentando un incremento en los niveles de ciertos patógenos periodontales, pérdida de hueso alveolar, formación de bolsas periodontales, mayor pérdida de inserción clínica, involucración de furca y movilidad dental. Fumar interfiere en la cicatrización, así como propicia una menor respuesta en procedimientos de regeneración tisular guiada, y menor éxito en la osteointegración de implantes e injertos óseos. El tabaquismo se correlaciona fuertemente con la destrucción periodontal en adultos jóvenes entre la segunda y tercera década de vida, con un efecto más pronunciado en mujeres.
Conclusiones: El tabaco es un gran factor de riesgo en el desarrollo y severidad de la enfermedad periodontal, así como en la respuesta a la terapia periodontal. Es fundamental el empleo de métodos para la difusión de los efectos adversos relacionados directamente al tabaquismo en cavidad oral, específicamente la correlación con la repercusión sobre los tejidos periodontales.


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