2009, Número 2
<< Anterior
Arch Med Urg Mex 2009; 1 (2)
Intoxicación por metanol, reporte de un caso
Loría CJ, Bermeo LA, Ramírez HA, Fernández RDE
Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 54
Paginas: 67-73
Archivo PDF: 199.97 Kb.
RESUMEN
El metanol, también conocido como alcohol metílico o alcohol de madera, es considerado el alcohol más sencillo; se emplea en la industria como componente de diversas sustancias de uso doméstico (anticongelante, disolvente y combustible). Si bien en la actualidad se describen casos esporádicos, su mortalidad suele ser muy elevada. Su empleo dentro de la producción de bebidas alcohólicas adulteradas ha dado lugar a brotes de intoxicaciones agudas. La exposición al tóxico se da predominantemente por vía oral, aunque la absorción inhalada o transdérmica puede dar lugar a una intoxicación. La susceptibilidad a los efectos tóxicos del metanol es variable, pero la ingesta de una pequeña cantidad puede dar lugar a una intoxicación grave. La intoxicación, tanto accidental como con fines suicidas, presenta una elevada morbimortalidad, debido en gran parte a la dificultad para confirmar el diagnóstico, lo que retrasa el tratamiento, el cual debería ser iniciado ante la mínima sospecha del cuadro sin esperar la confirmación por laboratorio, ya que la precocidad de la administración de las medidas terapéuticas es crucial a fin de limitar el daño y posibilitar una potencial recuperación del paciente. A continuación presentamos un caso de intoxicación por metanol atendido en el Servicio de Urgencias de un hospital de segundo nivel de la ciudad de México.
REFERENCIAS (EN ESTE ARTÍCULO)
Kruse JA. Methanol poisoning. Intensive Care Med 1992; 18: 391-7.
Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. Methanol toxicity. Am Fam Physician 1993; 47: 163-71
Pamies RJ, Sugar D, Rives LA, Herold AH. Methanol intoxication. How to help patients who have been exposed to toxic solvents. Postgrad Med 1993; 93: 183-94.
Nolla-Salas J, Nogu. Xarau S, Marruecos Sant L, Palomar Martínez M, Martínez Pérez J. Intoxicación por metanol y etilenglicol. Estudio de 18 observaciones. Med Clin (Barc) 1995; 104: 121-5.
Trummel J, Ford M, Austin P. Ingestion of an unknown alcohol. Ann Emerg Med 1996; 27: 368-74.
Pérez Quintero A, Nogu, Xarau S. Intoxicación por metanol. Med Clin(Barc) 1983; 81: 488-91.
Hovda KE, Hunderi OH, Tafjord AB, Dunlop O, Rudberg N, Jacobsen D: Methanol outbreak in Norway 2002–2004: Epidemiology, clinical features and prognostic signs. J Intern Med 2005; 258: 181–190.
Litovitz TL, Klein-Schwartz W, White S, Cobaugh DJ, Youniss J, Drab A, Benson BE: 1999 annual report of the American Association of Poison Control Centers Toxic Exposure Surveillance System. Am J Emerg Med 2000; 18: 517–74.
Liesivuori J, Savolainen H. Methanol and formic acid toxicity: biochemical mechanisms. Pharmacol Toxicol 1991; 69: 157-63.
Davis LE, Hudson A, Benson BE et al. Methanol poisoning exposures in the United States: 1993-1998. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2002; 40: 499-505.
Kerns W, Tomaszewski C, McMartin K, Ford M, Brent J. Formate kinetics in methanol poisoning. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2002; 40: 137-43.
Hovda KE, Andersson KS, Urdal P, Jacobsen D: Methanol and formate kinetics during treatment with fomepizole. Clin Toxicol 43: 221-227, 2005.
Hovda KE, Hunderi OH, Rudberg N, Froyshov S, Jacobsen D. Anion and osmolal gaps in the diagnosis of methanol poisoning: clinical study in 28 patients. Intensive Care Med 2004 30: 1842-1846.
Jacobsen D, McMartin KE. Methanol and ethylene-glycol poisonings: Mechanism of toxicity, clinical course, diagnosis and treatment. Med Toxicol Adverse Drug Exp 1986; 1: 309-34.
Kraut JA, Madias NE: Serum anion gap: Its uses and limitations in clinical medicine. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2007; 2: 162-74.
Hovda KE, Mundal H, Urdal P, McMartin K, Jacobsen D. Slow formate elimination in severe methanol poisoning: A fatal case report. Clin Toxicol 42007; 5: 516-21.
Hantson P, Duprez P, Mahieu P. Neurotoxicity to the basal ganglia shown by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) following poisoning with methanol and other substances. Clin Toxicol 1997; 35: 151-61.
Fontenot AP, Pelak VS. Development of neurologic symptoms in a 26 year old woman following recovery from methanol intoxication. Chest 2002; 122: 1436-9.
Hsu HH, Chen CY, Chen FH, Lee CC, Chou TY, Zimmerman RA. Optic atrophy and cerebral infarcts caused by methanol intoxication: MRI. Neuroradiology 1997; 39: 192-4.
Burkhart K. Methanol and ethylene glycol toxicity. Clin Toxicol 1997; 35: 149-50.
Blas MJ, Nava MS. Methanol Inhalation Intoxication. Rev Asoc Mex Med Crit y Ter Int 2000; 14: 67-70.
Frenia ML, Schauben JL: Methanol inhalation toxicity. Ann Emerg Med 1993; 22: 1919-23.
Yu FC, Lin SH, Lin YF, Lu KC, Shyu WC, Tsao WL. Double gaps metabolic acidosis and bilateral basal ganglion lesions in methanol intoxication. Am J Emerg Med 1995; 13: 369-71.
Kamei S, Takasu T, Mori N, Yoshihashi K, Shikata E. Serial imaging of bilateral striatal necrosis associated with acidemia in adults. Neuroradiology 1996; 38: 437-40.
Anderson CA, Rubinstein D, Filley CM, Stears JC. MR enhancing brain lesions in methanol intoxication. J Comput Assist Tomogr 1997; 21: 834-6.
Church AS, Witting MD. Laboratory testing in ethanol, methanol, ethylene glycol and isopropanol toxicities. J Emerg Med 1997; 15: 687-92.
Adrogue HJ, Madias ME. Management of life-threatening acid-base disorders (first of two parts). N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 26-34.
Glaser DS. Utility of the serum osmol gap in the diagnosis of methanol and ethylene glycol ingestion. Ann Emerg Med 1996; 27: 343-6.
Prabhakaran V, Ettler H, Mills A. Methanol poisoning: two cases with similar plasma methanol concentrations but different outcomes. CMAJ 1993; 148: 981-4.
Bennett JL, Cary FH, Mitchell GL, Cooper MN: Acute methyl alcohol poisoning: A review based on experiences in an outbreak of 323 cases. Medicine 32: 431-463, 1953.
Liu JJ, Daya MR, Carrasquillo O, Kales SN. Prognostic factors in patients with methanol poisoning. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1999; 36: 175-180.
Hovda KE, Urdal P, Jacobsen D. Increased serum formate in the diagnosis of methanol poisoning. J Anal Toxicol 2005; 29: 586-8.
Hojer J. Severe metabolic acidosis in the alcoholic: Differential diagnosis and management. Hum Exp Toxicol 1996; 15: 482–488.
Almaghamsi AM, Yeung CK. Osmolal gap in alcoholic ketoacidosis. Clin Nephrol 1997; 48: 52-3.
Schelling JR, Howard RL, Winter SD, Linas SL. Increased osmolal gap in alcoholic ketoacidosis and lactic acidosis. Ann Intern Med 1990; 113: 580-2.
Fujita M, Tsuruta R, Wakatsuki J, Takeuchi H, Oda Y, Kawamura Y et al. Methanol intoxication: Differential Diagnosis from Anion Gap-increased Acidosis. Internal Medicine 2004 43(8): 750-4.
Barceloux DG, Bond GR, Krenzelok EP, Cooper H, Vale JA. American Academy of Clinical Toxicology practice guidelines on the treatment of methanol poisoning. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 2002 40: 415-46.
Yost DA. Acute care for alcohol intoxication. Postgraduate Medicine 2002; 112:14-6.
Abramson S, Singh AK. Treatment of the alcohol intoxications: Ethylene glycol, methanol and isopropanol. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2000; 9: 695-701.
Jacobsen D, McMartin KE. Antidotes for methanol and ethylene glycol poisoning. Clin Toxicol 1997; 35: 27-43.
Megarbane B, Borron SW, Baud FJ. Current recommendations for treatment of severe toxic alcohol poisonings. Intensive Care Med 2005; 31: 189-195.
Burns MJ, Graundis A, Aaron CK, McMartin K, Brent J. Treatment of methanol poisoning with intravenous 4- methylpyrazole. Ann Emerg Med 1997; 30: 829-32.
Essama Mbia JJ, Guerit JM, Haufroid V, Hantson P. Fomepizole therapy for reversal of visual impairment after methanol poisoning: a case documented by visual evoked potentials investigation. Am J Ophthalmol 2002; 134: 914-6.
Brent J, McMartin K, Phillips S, Aaron C, Kulig K. Fomepizole for the treatment of methanol poisoning. N Engl J Med 2001; 344: 424-429.
Borron SW, Baud FJ, Garnier R. Intravenous 4-methylpyrazole as an antidote for diethylene glycol and triethylene glycol poisoning: A case report. Vet Hum Toxicol 1997; 39: 26-28.
Megarbane B, Borron SW, Trout H, Hantson P, Jaeger A, Krencker E, Bismuth C, Baud FJ. Treatment of acute methanol poisoning with fomepizole. Intensive Care Med 2001; 27: 1370-8.
Brent J, McMartin K, Phillips S, Burkhart KK, Donovan JW, Wells M, Kulig K. Fomepizole for the treatment of ethylene glycol poisoning. N Engl J Med 1999; 340: 832-8.
Borron SW, Megarbane B, Baud FJ. Fomepizole in treatment of uncomplicated ethylene glycol poisoning. Lancet 1999; 354: 831.
Berk AW, Henderson VW. Alcoholes en Tintinalli EJ, Ruiz E, Krome RL, editores: Medicina de Urgencias. México: Interamericana 1997: 936.
Roldán J, Frauca C, Dueñas A. Intoxicación por alcoholes. Anales Sis San Navarra 2003; 26: Supl 1.
McCormick MJ, Mogabgab E, Adams SL. Methanol poisoning as a result of inhalational solvent abuse. Ann Emerg Med 1990; 19: 639-42.
Chow MT, Di Silvestro VA, Yung CY, Nawab ZM, Leehey DJ, Ing TS. Treatment of acute methanol intoxication with hemodialysis using an ethanol-enriched, bicarbonate-based dialysate. Am J Kidney Dis 1997; 30: 568-70.
Brown MJ, Shannon MW, Woolf A, Boyer EW. Childhood methanol ingestion treated with fomepizole and hemodialysis. Pediatrics 2001; 108: E77.
Moreau CL, Kerns W, Tomaszewski CA, McMartin KE, Rose SR, Ford MD, Brent J. Glycolate kinetics and hemodialysis clearance in ethylene glycol poisoning. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol 1998; 36: 659-66.