medigraphic.com
Anales de la Sociedad Mexicana de Oftalmología y Archivos de la Asociación Para Evitar la Ceguera en México

2008, Número 6

<< Anterior Siguiente >>

Rev Mex Oftalmol 2008; 82 (6)


Superficie ocular y lentes de contacto

Prado SA, Cárcamo MALC, Méndez MMS, Camas BJT

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 179
Paginas: 352-365
Archivo PDF: 188.08 Kb.


RESUMEN

La adaptación de lentes de contacto es una práctica oftalmológica frecuente para la corrección de ametropías. Existen millones de usuarios de lentes de contacto, por lo que el conocimiento de la interacción de éstos con la superficie ocular es básico para el buen funcionamiento visual.
Se conocen muchos beneficios en la utilización de los lentes de contacto aunque su uso no está exento de riesgos y complicaciones, habiendo diversos elementos fisiopatológicos en el segmento anterior, siendo la mayoría de las complicaciones el resultado de hipoxia corneal, efectos mecánicos en la superficie ocular, procesos infecciosos o factores inmunológicos o tóxicos que determinan edema, conjuntivitis papilar gigante, vascularizacion corneal, microquistes epiteliales, fenómenos de hipersensibilidad y polimegatismo endotelial, queratitis ulcerativa o úlceras por acantamoeba, complicaciones que son expuestas en el presente trabajo.


REFERENCIAS (EN ESTE ARTÍCULO)

  1. Kilvington S, Anger C. A Comparison of cyst age and assay method of the efficacy of contact lens disinfectants against Acanthamoeba. Brit J Ophthalmol 2001; 85:336-340.

  2. Morgan P, Efron N, Hill E, Raynor M, Whiting M, Tullo A. Incidence of keratitis of varying among contact lens wearers. Brit J Ophthalmol 2005; 89:430-436.

  3. Astin C, Gartry D, Steele A. Contact lens fitting after photorefractive keratectomy. Brit J Ophthalmol 1996; 80:597-603.

  4. Tzubota K, Ikuko T, Fujishima H, Yamada M, Tokuaki E, Sugawara T, Shimazaki J. Extended wear soft contact lens induce corneal epithelial changes. Brit J Ophthalmol 1994; 78:907-911.

  5. Donnenfeld E, Schrier A, Perry H, Ingraham H, Lasonde R, Epstein A, Farber B. Infectious keratitis with corneal perforation associated with corneal hydrops and contact lens wear in keratoconus. Brit J Ophthalmol 1996; 80:409-412.

  6. Khalid F, Hisham S, Bassam A, Extended wear contact lens related bacterial keratitis. Brit J Ophthalmol 2000; 84:327-328.

  7. Gill del Rio E, Baronet P. Lentes Terapéuticas. En: Lentes de Contacto. Barcelona: Editorial Jims, 1990; 479-88.

  8. Fontela J, Grau M. Uso hospitalario de lentes de contacto hidrófilas terapéuticas, estéticas y funcionales. Rev Esp Contact 1993; 2:89-93.

  9. Dart D, Stapleton F, Minassian D. Contact lenses and other risk factors in microbial keratitis. Lancet. 1991; 338:650-653.

  10. Liesegang T. Physiologic changes of the cornea with contact lens wear. CLAO J 2002; 28:12-27.

  11. Papas E. Vascularización corneal y lentes de contacto. Arch Soc Esp Oftalmol 2006; 81:6.

  12. Papas E. The role of hypoxia in the limbal vascular response to soft contact lens wear. Eye Contact Lens 2003; 29:580-582.

  13. Omerod L, Smith R. Contact lens associated microbial keratitis. Arch Ophthalmol 1986; 104:79-83.

  14. Kaufman P, Alm A. The Cornea. En: Adlers Physiology of the Eye, Clinical Application. Mosby. St. Louis, 2004.

  15. Brennan N, Efron N, Carney L. Critical oxygen requirements to avoid edema of the central and peripheral cornea. Acta Ophtalmol 1987; 65:556-564.

  16. Brennan N, Efron N, Holden B. Methodology for determining the intrinsic oxygen permeability of contact lens materials. Clin Exp Optom 1987; 70: 42-45.

  17. Adrasko G. Corneal Deswelling response to hard and hidrogel extended wear lenses. Invest Opthalmol Vis Sci 1986; 27:20-23.

  18. Smelser G, Ozanics V. Importance of atmosferic oxygen for maintenance of the optical properties of the human cornea. Science 1952; 115:140.

  19. Smelser G, Ozanics V. Structural changes in corneas of guinea pigs afther wearing contact lenses. Arch Ophthalmol 1953; 49:335-340.

  20. Brennan N, Efron N, Carney L. Corneal oxygen availability duryng contact lens wear: a comparison of methodologies. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1988; 65:19-24.

  21. Brennan N, Efron N, Holden B. Oxygen permeability of hard gas permeable contact lens materials. Clin Exp Ophthalmol 1986; 69:82-89.

  22. Holden B, Mertz G. Critical oxygen levels to avoid corneal edema for daily and extended wear contact lenses. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1984; 25:1161-1167.

  23. Kenyon E, Polse K, Sever R. Influence of wearing schedule on extended wear complications. Ophthalmology 1986; 93:231-236.

  24. O’Neal M, Polse K, Sever M. Corneal response to rigid and hydrogen lenses during eye closure. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1984; 25:837-842.

  25. Efron N, Carney L. Recovery of human cornea from anoxic stress. Int Contact Lens Clin 1982; 9:244-246.

  26. Jauregui M, Fatt I. Estimation of oxygen tension under a contact lens. Am J Optom Arch Am Acad Optom 1971; 49:210-218.

  27. Kinoshita J. Some of the aspects of the carbohydrates metabolism of the cornea. Invest Ophthalmol 1962; 1:176-186.

  28. Kinishita J, Matsurat T. Aerobic pathways of glucose metabolism in bovine corneal epithelium. Am J Ophthalmol 1959; 48(part II):47-52.

  29. Burns R, Roberts H, Rich L. Effect of silicone lenses on corneal epithelial metabolism. Am J Ophthalmol 1971; 71:486- 489.

  30. Thoft R, Friend J. Biochemical aspects of contact lens wear. Am J Ophthalmol 1975; 80:139-145.

  31. Poggio E, Abelson M. Complications and symptoms in disposable extended wear lenses compared with convention soft daily wear and soft extended wear lenses. CLAO J 1993; 19:31-9.

  32. Poggio E, Abelson M. Complications and symptoms with disposable daily wear contact lenses and conventional soft daily wear contact lenses. CLAO J 1993; 19:95-102.

  33. Nason R, Boshnick L, Cannon W. Multisite comparison of contact lens modalities. Daily disposable wear vs. conventional daily wear in succefsful contact lens wearers. J Am Optom Assoc 1994; 65:774-780.

  34. Holden B, Sweeney D, Vannas A y cols. Effects of long term extended contact lens wear on the human cornea. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1985; 26:1489-1501.

  35. Ruben M, Brown N, Lobascher D y cols. Clinical manifestations secondary to soft contact lens extend wear. Brit J Ophthalmol 1976; 60:529-531.

  36. Josephson J. Coalescing microcysts afther long use of extended wear lenses. Int Contact Lens Clin 1979; 6:24.

  37. Auran J, Starr M, Jacobiec F. Acanthamoeba keratitis. A review of the literature. Cornea 1987; 6:2-26.

  38. Sharma S, Srinivasan M, George C. Acanthamoeba keratitis in non-contact lens wearers. Arch Ophthalmol 1990; 108:676-678.

  39. Stehr-Green J, Bailey T, Visvesvara G. The Epidemiology of Acanthamoeba keratitis in the United States. Am J Ophthalmol 1989; 107:331-336.

  40. O’Leary D, Millodot M. Abnormal epithelial fragility in diabetes and in contact lens wear. J Am Optom 1981; 59:827-833.

  41. Bergmanson J. Histopathological analysis of the corneal epithelium after contact lens wear. J Am Optom Assoc 1987; 58:812-818.

  42. Bergmanson J, Chu l. Contact response to rigid contact lens wear. Brit J Ophthalmol 1982; 66:667-675.

  43. Josephson J, Caffery B. Infiltrative keratitis in hydrogel lens wearers. Int Contact Lens Clin 1979; 6:47-70.

  44. Smelser G, Chen D. Physiological changes in cornea induced by contact lenses. Arch Ophthalmol 1955; 53:676-679.

  45. Bonanno J, Polse k. Corneal acidosis during contact lens wear. Effects of hypoxia and carbon dioxide. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1987; 28:1514-1520.

  46. Bonanno J, Polse K. Measurement of in vivo human corneal stromal pH: Open and close eyes. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1987; 28:522-530.

  47. Ruben M, Carruthers M. Contact lenses and lactantes. Contact Lens J 1972; 4(1):8-10.

  48. Lowther G, Hill R. Recovery of the corneal epithelium after a period of anoxia. Am J Optom Arch Am Acad Optom 1983; 50:234-241.

  49. La Hood D, Sweeney D, Holden B. Overnight corneal edemawith hydrogen rigid gas permeable and silicone elastomer Contact Lenses. Int Contact Lens Clin 1988; 15:149-154.

  50. Sankaridurg P, Willcox M, Sharma S y cols. Haemophilus influenza adherent to contact lens associated with production of acute ocular inflammation. J Clin Microbiol 1996; 34:2426-2431.

  51. Polse K, Servert M, Harris M. Corneal edema and vertical striae accompanying the wearing of hydrogel lenses. Am J Optom Physiol 1975; 52:185-191.

  52. Holden B, Mertz G, McNally J. Corneal swelling response to contact lenses worn under extended wear conditions. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1983; 24:218-226.

  53. Willcox M, Sweeney D, Sharma S y cols. Contact lens peripheral ulcers are associated with increased bacterial contamination of contact lenses. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1995; 36:152.

  54. Mandell R, Polse K. Corneal thickness changes as a contact lens index experimental results and a proposed model. Am J Optom 1969; 16:179-180.

  55. Baron H. Temporary changes in the ocular refractive system caused by contact lens wear. Contact 1977; 21(6):10-15.

  56. Coward B, Neumann R, Callender M. Solution intolerance among users of four chemical soft lens care regimens. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1984; 61:523-527.

  57. Fonn D. Adverse responses to a clorhexidine tablet disinfectionsystem. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci (Suppl ARVO) 1991; 32:738.

  58. Morgan J. Complications associated with contact lens solutions. Ophthalmology 1979; 86:1107-1119.

  59. Simmons P, Clough S, Teagel R y cols. Toxic effects of ophthalmicpreservatives on cultured rabbit corneal epithelium. AM J Optom Physiol Opt 1998; 65:876-873.

  60. Davies R. Animal VS plant enzyme. Int Contact Lens Clin 1983; 10:277-285.

  61. Stanilla A, Mihai E, Sacelenau A, Teodoru A. The therapeutic contact lens, advantages and limits. Oftalmology 2006; 50(2):51-55.

  62. Bubinstein M. Applications of contact lens devices in the management of corneal disease. Eye 2003; 17:872-876.

  63. Stretton S, Jalbert I. Sweeney D. Corneal hypoxia secondary to contact lenses: the effect of high-DK lenses. Ophthalmol Clin North Am 2003; 16:327-340.

  64. Stanilla A, Mihai E, Sacelenau A, Teodoru A. Preliminary study about therapeutical contact lenses use. Oftalmologia 2002; 52:71-74.

  65. Ren D, Petrol W. Jester J. Cavanagh H. the effect of rigid gas permeable contact lenses wear on proliferation of rabbit corneal and conjunctival epithelial cells. CLAO J 1999; 25:136- 141

  66. Donshik P, Ballow M. Tear inmunoglobulins in giant papillary conjunctivitis induced by contact lenses. Am J Ophthalmol 1983; 96:460-466.

  67. Ballow M, Donshik P, Rapacz P y cols. Immune response in monkeys to lenses from patients with contact lens induced giant papillary conjunctivitis. CLAO J 1989; 15:64-70.

  68. Greiner J. Papillary conjunctivitis induced by an epithelialised corneal foreign body. Ophthalmological 1988; 196:82-86.

  69. Bonanno JA, Polse K. Corneal acidosis during contact lens wear: effects of hypoxia and CO2. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1987; 28(9):1514-20.

  70. Fonn D, Sweeney D, Holden B. Cavanagh D. Corneal oxygen deficiency. Eye contact lens 2005; 31:23-27.

  71. Lin M, Polse K. Hypoxia, overnight wear and tear stagnation effects on the corneal epithelium: data and proposed model. Eye Contact Lens 2007; 33:378-381.

  72. Polse K, Brand R, Cohen S, Gillon M. Hypoxic effects on corneal morphology and function. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1990; 31(8):1542-54.

  73. Mekjavic P. Decompression induced ocular tear film bubbles reflect the process of denitrogenation. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2007; 48(8):3756-60.

  74. Morgan P, Efron N, Brennan N, Hill E, Raynor M, Tullo A. Risk factors for the development of corneal infiltrative events associated with contact lens wear. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2005; 46(9):3136-43.

  75. McNamara N, Polse K, Bonnano J. Stromal acidosis modulates corneal swelling. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1994; 35(3):846-50.

  76. Papas E. Corneal vascularization and contact lens. Arch Soc Esp de Oftalmología 2006; 81(6):309-12.

  77. Srinivasan M, Rao G, Aquavella J. Extended wear contact lenses using high water contact lens in aphakia. Indian J Ophthalmol 1984; 32(6):309-12.

  78. Lapeira M. Un nuevo modelo experimental de neovascularización corneal. Arch Soc Esp de Oftalmología 1987; 2:177-182.

  79. Donshik P, Suchecki J, Ehlers W. Peripheral corneal infiltrates associated with contact lens wear. Trans Am Ophthalmol Soc 1995; 93:49-60.

  80. Vannas A, Makitie J, Sulonen J y cols. Contac lens induced transient changes in corneal endothelium. Acta Ophthalmol 1981; 59:552-559.

  81. Zantos S, Holden B. Transient changes soon after wearing soft contact lenses. Am J Optom Physiol 2007; 54:856-858.

  82. Holden B, Williams L, Zantos S. The etiology of transient endothelial changes in the human cornea. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 1985; 26:1354-1359.

  83. Ringvold A, Davanger M, Olsen E. On the spatial organization of the corneal endothelium. Acta Ophthalmol 1984; 62:911-918.

  84. Hoffer K, Kraft M. Normal endothelial cell count range. Ophthalmol 1990; 87:861-866.

  85. Laing R, Sandtrom M, Berrospi A, Leibowitz H. Changes in the corneal endothelium as a function of age. Exp Eye Res 1996; 22:587-594.

  86. Graue E, Valdes J, Ramirez T, Carlos A. Densidad celular endotelial. Rev Mex Oftalmol 1989; 63:91-95.

  87. Carlson K, Bourne W, Brubaker R. Effect of long-term contact lens wear on corneal endothelial cell morphology and function. Invest Ophthalmol 1988; 29:185-193.

  88. MacRae S, Matsuda M, Shelland S, Rich L. The effects of hard and soft contact lenses on the endothelium. Am J Ophthalmol 1996; 102:50-57.

  89. Schoessler J. The corneal endothelium after twenty years of PMMA contact lens wear. Ophthalmol J 1987;13:157-160.

  90. Olsen T. Transient changes in the specular appearance of the corneal endothelium and in corneal thickness during anterior uveitis. Acta Ophthalmol 2005; 59:100-109.

  91. Bergenski P, Polse K. The effect of rigid gas permeable lenses on corneal sensivity. J Am Optom Assoc 1997; 58:203- 206.

  92. Allansmith M. Neovascularization: How much and how far? J Am Optom Asoc 1994; 55:199.

  93. Mc Monnies C, Chapman-Davies A, Holden B. The vascular response to contact lens wear. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1982; 59:795-799.

  94. Holden B, Sweeney D, Swarbrick H. The vascular response to long term extended contact lens wear. Clin Exp Optom 1986; 21:112-119.

  95. Stark W, Martin N. Extended wear contact lenses for myopic correction. Arch Ophthalmol 1981; 99:1963-1966.

  96. Dixon J, Lawaczek E. Corneal vascularization due to contact lenses. Arch Ophthalmol 1993; 69:72-75.

  97. Mandelbaum J. Deep corneal vascularization in aphasic eyes following the use contact lenses. A Report of two cases. Am J Ophthalmol 2004; 71:633- 634.

  98. Efron N. Vascular response of the cornea to contact lens wear. J Am Optom Assoc 1997; 58:836-845.

  99. Rozenman Y, Donnenfeld E, Cohen E. Contact lens: Related deep stromal neovascularization. Am J Ophthalmol 1989; 107: 27-32.

  100. 100.Franks W, Adams G, Dart J y cols. Relative risks of different types of contact lenses. Br Med J 1988; 297:525.

  101. 101.Maurice D, Zauberman H, Michelson I. The stimulus to neovascularization in the cornea. Exp Eye Res 1996; 5:168-184.

  102. 102.Dixon W, Bron A. Fluorescein angiographic demonstration of corneal vascularization in contact wearers. Am J Ophthalmol 1993;75:1010-1015.

  103. 103.Niranikari V, Karesh J, Lakhanpal V, Richards R. Deep stromal vascularization associated with cosmetic daily wear contact lenses. Arch Ophthalmol 1983;101:46-47.

  104. 104.Dixon J. Ocular changes due to corneal lenses. Am Arch Acad Optom 1964; 43:424-443.

  105. 105.Shapero M. Tissue changes associated with contact lenses. Am J Optom Arch Acad Optom 1966; 43:477-499.

  106. 106.Graham R. Persistent nasal and temporal stippling. Contact 1986; 12:20–26.

  107. 107.Kenyon E, Polse K, Mandell R. Rigid contact lens adherence incidence, severity and recovery. J Am Optom Assoc 1988; 59:168-174.

  108. 108.Bernstein H. Extended wear silicones lenses in aphakia. Contact Intraocular Lens Med J 1979; 5:27-36.

  109. 109.Brown H. Corneal warpage syndrome. Diagnosis and management. Contact Intraocular Lens Md J 1980; 6:383-385.

  110. 110.Brun S. Spectracle blur after soft contact lens wear. A case report. Contact Lens J 1997; 6:16-17.

  111. 111.Fowler S, Allansmith M. The surface of the continuously worn contact lens. Arch Ophtalmol 1980; 98:123-126.

  112. 112.Fowler S, Allansmith M. The surface of the continuously worn contact lens. Arch Ophtalmol 1980; 98:123-126.

  113. 113.Tripathi R, Tripathi J. Lens Spoilage. Contact Lenses: The Contact Lens Assoc Ophth. Guide to Basic Science and Clinical practice. En : Tripathi R, Tripathi J.(Ed) Orlando: Grune and Stratton; 1994.

  114. 114.Liotet S, Gullaumin D, Cochet P, Warnet V, Cao H. The genesis of organic deposits on soft contact lenses. Ophthalmol 1983; 9:49-56.

  115. 115.Stapleton F, Dart J, Minnassian D. Nonulcerative complications of contact lens wear: relative risk for different lens types. Arch Ophthalmol 1992; 110:1601-1606.

  116. 116.Golden B, Fingerman L, Allen H. Pseudomonas corneal ulcers in contact lens wearers. Arch Ophthalmol 1971; 85:543-547.

  117. 117.Ifekika C, McLaughlin P, Borlace L, Lucas V. Efficacy of acontact lens cleaning device and its enhancement of the performance of contact lens care products. Brit J Ophthalmol 2000; 84(5):539-41.

  118. 118.Beachey E. Bacterial adherence: adhesion-receptor interactions mediating the attachement of bacterial to mucosal surfaces. J Inf Dis. 1981;143:325-345.

  119. 119.Nilsson S, Montan P. The hospitalized cases of contact lens induced keratitis in Sweeden and their relation to lens type and wear schedule: results of a three-year retrospective study. CLAO J 1994; 20:97-101.

  120. 120.Sharon N, Bar-Shavit Z, Ofek I, Goldman R, Mirelman D.Mannose residues on phagocytes as receptors for the attachment of Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhi. Biophys Res Comun 1977; 78:455-460.

  121. 121.Klemm P, Orskov I, Orskov F. F7 and Type I like fimbriae from three Escherichia coli strains isolated from urinary tract infections. Protein, chemical and inmunological aspects. Infect Immun 1992; 36:462-468.

  122. 122.Jones G, Isaacson R. Proteinaceous bacterial adhesins and their receptors. CRC Crit Rev microbial 1983; 10:229-260.

  123. 123.Costerton J, Irvin R, Cheng K. The bacterial glycocalyx in nature disease. An Rev Microbiol 1997; 35:299-324.

  124. 124.Costerton J, Irvin R, Cheng K. The role of bacterial surface structures in pathogenesis. CRC Crit Rev Microbiol 1981; 8:303-338.

  125. 125.Donnenfeld E, Cohen E, Arentsen J, Genvert G, Laibson P. Changing trends in contact lens associated corneal ulcers: an overview of 166 cases. CLAO 1986; 12:145-152.

  126. 126.Galentine P, Cohen E, Laibson P, Adams T, Michaud R. Corneal ulcers associated with contact lens wear. Arch Ophthalmol 1984; 102:891-894.

  127. 127.Spoor T, Hartel W, Wynn P, Spoor D. Complications of continuous wear soft contact lenses in a nonreferral population. Arch Ophthalmol 1984; 102:1312-1313.

  128. 128.Adams C, Cohen E, Laibson P, Galentine P, Arentsen J. Corneal ulcers in patients with cosmetic extended wear contact lenses. Am J Ophthalmol 1983; 96:7009-7755.

  129. 129.Maurice D, Zauberman H, Michelson I. The stimulus to neovascularization in the cornea. Exp Eye Res 1996; 5:168-184.

  130. 130.Weissman B, Bartly O, Mondino J, Pettit T, Hofbauer J. Corneal ulcers associated with extended wear soft contact lenses. Am J Ophthalmol 1984; 97:476-481.

  131. 131.Saltz J, Schaslanger J. Complications of aphasic extended wear lenses encountered during a seven year period in 100 eyes. CLAO J 1983; 9: 241-244.

  132. 132.Mondino B, Weissman B, Farb M. Corneal ulcers associated with daily wear and extended wears contact lenses. Am J Ophthalmol 1986; 102:58-65.

  133. 133.Patrinely J, Wilhelmus K, Rubin J, Key S. Bacterial keratitis associated with extended wear soft contact lens. CLAO J 1995; 11:234-236.

  134. 134.Lemp M, Blackman H, Wilson L, Leivill A. Gram negative corneal ulcers in elderly aphakic eyes in extended wear lenses. Ophthalmology 1994; 91:60-63.

  135. 135.Wilson L, Schiltzer R, Ahern D. Pseudomonas corneal ulcers associated with soft contact lens wear. Am J Ophthalmol 1982; 92:546-554.

  136. 136.Galentine P, Cohen EJ, Laibson P y cols. Corneal ulcers associated with contact lens wear. Arch Ophthalmol 1984; 106:891-894.

  137. 137.Cooper R, Constable I. Infective keratitis in soft contact lens wearers. Brit J Ophthalmol 1977; 61:250-254.

  138. 138.Wilson L, Julian A, Ahearn D. The survival and growth of microorganisms in mascara during use. Am J Ophthalmol 1975; 79:596-601.

  139. 139.Wilson L, Julian A, Ahearn D. Pseudomonas induced corneal ulcer associated with contamined eye mascara. Am J Ophthalmol 1974; 84:112-119.

  140. 140.Hezzlet L, Moon M, Berk R. In vivo identification of sialic acid as the ocular receptor of Pseudomona aeruginosa. Infect Inmun 1986; 51:687-689.

  141. 141.Efron N. Whol A, Toma NG y cols. Pseudomonas corneal ulcers associated with daily wear disposable hydrogel contact lenses. Int Contact Lens Clin 1991; 18:46-51.

  142. 142.Stern G, Lubnewski A, Allen C. The interaction between Pseudomona aeruginosa and the corneal epithelium. Arch Ophthalmol 1985; 103:1221-1225.

  143. 143.Ramphal R, MacNiece M, Polack F. Adherence of P. aeruginosa to the mouse cornea. A step in pathogenesis of corneal infections. Ann Ophthalmol 1981; 13:421-425.

  144. 144.Duran J, Refojo A, Gipson I, Kenyon K. Pseudomonas attachment to new hydrogel contact lenses. Arch Ophthalmol 1978; 105:196-109.

  145. 145.Stern G, Zam Z. The pathogenesis of contact lens associated P. aeruginosa corneal ulceration. The effect contact lens coatings on adherence of P. aeruginosa to soft contact lenses. Cornea 1986; 5:41-45.

  146. 146.Di Gaetano M, Stern G, Zam. The pathogenesis of contact lens associated P. aeruginosa corneal ulceration. Cornea 1986; 5:155-158.

  147. 147.Nigington J, Watson P y cols. Amoebic infection of the eye. Lancet 1974; 2:1537-40.

  148. 148.Watson P. Amoebic infection of the eye. Trans Ophtalmol Soc 1975; 95: 204-209.

  149. 149.Lund O, Stefani F, Dechant W. Amoebic keratitis: a clinicopathological case report. Brit J Ophthalmol 1978; 62:373-5. 150.Hamburg A, De Jonckheere J. Amoebic keratitis. Ophthalmol 1980; 181:74-80.

  150. 151.Key S, Green R, Willaert E. Keratitis due to Acantamoeba castellani. Arch Ophthalmol 1980; 98:4705-9.

  151. 152.Jones D, Visvesvara G, Robinson N. Acantamoeba poliphaga keratitis and Acanthamoeba uveitis associated with fatal meningoencephalitis. Trans Ophthalmol Soc Uk 1975; 95:221-32.

  152. 153.Epstein R, Wilson L, Visvesvara G, Plourde E. Rapid diagnostic of Acanthamoeba keratitis from corneal scrapings using indirect fluorescent antibody staining. Arch Ophthalmol 1986; 104:1318-21.

  153. 154.Wilhelmus K, Osato M, Font R y cols. Rapid diagnosis of Acanthamoeba keratitis using calcofluor white. Arch Ophthalmol 1986; 104:1309-12.

  154. 155.Cohen E, Buchanan H, Laughrea P. Diagnosis and management of Acanthamoeba keratitis. Am J Ophthalmol 1985; 100:389-95.

  155. 156.Moore M, Mc Culley J, Luckenbach M, Gelender H. Acanthamoeba keratitis associated with soft contact lenses. Am J Ophthalmol 1985; 100: 396-403.

  156. 157.Poggio E. Glynn R, Schein O y cols. The incidence of ulcerative keratitis among users of daily-wear and extended wear soft contact lenses. N Eng J Med 1989; 321:779-783.

  157. 158.Samples, Binder S, Luibel F y cols. Acanthamoeba keratitis possibly acquired from a hot tub. Arch Ophthalmol 1984;102:707-10.

  158. 159.Chang S. Pathogenic free living amoeba recreational water. Proc Water Pollut Res Israel 1972; 13:1-12.

  159. 160.Chang S, Healy L, Shumaker B, Schultz MGA. Strain of pathogenic Naegleria isolated from a human nasal swab. H Lab Sci 1975; 12:1-7.

  160. 161.De Jonckheere J. Studies on pathogenic free living amoeba in swimming pools. Bull Inst Pasteur 1979; 77:385-392.

  161. 162.Conner C, Benjamin O. Reducing the risk of Acanthamoeba keratitis. Contact Lens Spectrum 1986; 10:31-9.

  162. 163.Wilson L, McNatt J, y Reitschel R, Delayed. Hypersensivity to thimerosal in soft contact lenses wearers. Trans Ophthalmol Soc Uk 1982; 102:6.

  163. 164.Wright P, Mackie I. Perspective related problems in soft contact lens wearers. Trans Ophthalmol Soc Uk 1982; 102:3-6.

  164. 165.Bloomfield S, Jakobiec F,Theodore F. Contact lens induced keratopathy: a severe complication extending the spectrum of keratoconjunctivitis in contact lens wearers. Ophtalmology 1984; 91:290-294.

  165. 166.Sendele D, Kenyon K, Mobilia F y cols. Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis in contact lens wearers. Ophtalmology 1993; 90:616-622.

  166. 167.Fuerst D, Sugar J, Worobec S. Superior limbic keratoconjunctivitis associated with cosmetic soft contact lens wear. Arch Ophthalmol 1983; 101:1214-1216.

  167. 168.Alfonso E, Mandelbaum S, Fox M y cols. Ulcerative keratitis associated with contact lens wear. Am J Ophthalmol 1986; 101:429-433.

  168. 169.Meisler D, Krachmer J. An Inmunopathologic study on giant papillary conjunctivitis associated with an ocular prosthesis. Am J Ophthalmol 1981; 91:368-371.

  169. 170.Richmond P, Allansmith M. Giant papillary conjunctivitis contact lens complication. Int Ophthalmol Clin 1981; 21:65-82.

  170. 171.Allansmith M, Korb,Greiner J. Giant papillary conjunctivitis in contact lens wearers. Am J Ophthalmol 1977; 83: 697-708.

  171. 172.Callender M, Luitzi D. The incidence of adverse ocular reactions among soft contact lens wearers using chemical disinfection procedures. Can J Optom 1979; 41:138-140.

  172. 173.Wilson F. Adverse externe ocular effects of tropical ophtalmic therapy, an epidemiologic laboratory and clinical study. Tr Am Ophthalmol Soc 1983; 8:854-965.

  173. 174.Mellbom F. Appearent corneal reaction to change of hydrogel desinfections solution. Am J Optom Assoc 1983; 54:247-248.

  174. 175.Coward B, Neumann R, Callender M. Solution intolerance among users of chemical soft contact lens care regiments. Am J Optom Physiol Opt 1984; 61:523-527.

  175. 176.Otten M, Szaboscik J. Measurement of preservative binding with softens contact lens. Aust J Optom 1976; 59:277-283.

  176. 177.Swibley M, Yung G. A technique for the determination of chemical binding to soft contact lens. Am J Opt Arch Am Acad Optom 1973; 50: 710-714.

  177. 178.Molinary J, Nash R, Badham D. Severe thimerosal hypersensivity in soft contact lens. Int Contact Lens Clin 1982; 9:323-329.

  178. 179.Binder P, Rasmussen D, Gordon M. Keratoconjunctivitis and soft contact lens solutions. Arch Ophthalmol 1991; 99:87-90.

  179. 180.Stein J, Stark R, Randeri K. Comparison of chemical and therminal desinfectation regimens, a retrospective data analysis. Int Eyecare 1986; 2:570-578.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com