2002, Número 1
<< Anterior Siguiente >>
salud publica mex 2002; 44 (1)
Portadores nasofaríngeos de neumococo antibiótico-resistente en niños asistentes a guardería.
Gómez-Barreto D, Calderón-Jaimes E, Rodríguez RS, Espinosa LE, Viña-Flores L, Jiménez-Rojas V
Idioma: Ingles.
Referencias bibliográficas: 35
Paginas: 26-32
Archivo PDF: 103.19 Kb.
RESUMEN
Objetivo. Analizar longitudinalmente la dinámica de colonización por Streptococcus pneumoniae, determinar la prevalencia, los factores de riesgo potencial para la colonización nasofaríngea con cepas de neumococo resistentes, determinar los serotipos y el perfil de sensibilidad a varios fármacos antimicrobianos.
Material y métodos. Estudio prospectivo de una cohorte de niños de guardería, hecho de septiembre de 1997 a septiembre de 1999 entre 53 niños asistentes a la guardería del Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, atendida por 20 empleados. Todos los participantes fueron seguidos en forma prospectiva, tomándose exudado nasofaríngeo cada cuatro meses. Los S. pneumoniae aislados se tipificaron y sometieron a pruebas de sensibilidad a diversos fármacos. Las razones de momios y la prueba exacta de Fisher o ji cuadrada se efectuaron a través de tablas de contingencia; se utilizaron intervalos de confianza a 95% para las razones de momios. Para el análisis se empleó el programa estadístico EPI INFO, versión 6.04 a.
Resultados. S. pneumoniae se recuperó de 45/53 niños en una o más de las tomas. Se aisló un total de 178 cepas. El promedio de portador fue de 47%. Sólo siete adultos adquirieron un neumococo durante el estudio. Los tipos 6, 14, 19 y 23 representaron 77% del total. Se encontró elevada resistencia a la penicilina y eritromicina.
Conclusiones. El estado de portador nasofaríngeo de S. pneumoniae, es un proceso dinámico. La colonización ocurre durante los primeros meses de vida y comprende solamente unos cuantos serotipos de neumococo. El estado portador disminuye conforme avanza la edad. Se encontró alta proporción de portadores con cepas resistentes de neumococo. Los niños que recibieron varios cursos de antimicrobianos, fueron los que mostraron mayor riesgo de presentar estado portador.
REFERENCIAS (EN ESTE ARTÍCULO)
Campbell GD, Silberman R. Drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Clin Infect Dis 1998;26:1188.
Doern GV, Pfaller MA, Kugler K, Freeman J, Jones RN. Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance among respiratory tract isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae in North America: 1997 results from the SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program. Clin Infect Dis 1998;27:764.
Appelbaum PC. Antimicrobial resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Clin Infect Dis 1992;15:77.
Klugman KP. Pneumococcal resistant antibiotics. Clin Microbiol Rev 1990;3:171.
Jacobs MR. Treatment and diagnosis of infections caused by drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Clin Infect Dis 1992;15:119.
Appelbaum PC, Gladkova C, Hryniewiez W, Kojouharov B, Kotulova D, Mijalcu F et al. Carriage of antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae by children in Eastern and Central Europe. A multicenter study with use of standardized methods. Clin Infect Dis 1996;23:712.
Calderón JE. La resistencia antimicrobiana del Streptococcus pneumoniae como un problema de salud pública. Salud Publica Mex 1999;41:360-361.
Pérez L, Liñarez J, Bosch J, López de Goicoechea MJ, Martín R. Antibiotic resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae in childhood carriers. J Antimicrob Chemother 1987;19:278.
Gray BM, Converse GM, Dillon HC. Epidemiologic studies of Streptococcus pneumoniae in infants: Acquisition, carriage, and infection during the first 24 months of life. J Infect Dis 1980;142:923.
Anderson KC, Maurer MJ, Dajani A S. Pneumococci relatively resistant to penicillin: A prevalence survey in children. J Pediatr 1980;97:939.
Radetsky MS, Istre GR, Johansen TL,Parmelee SW, Lauer BA, Wiesenthal AM et al. Multiply resistant pneumococcus causing meningitis: Its epidemiology within a daycare center. Lancet 1981;2:771.
Klugman KP, Koornhof HJ, Wasas A, Storey K, Gilbertson I. Carriage of penicillin-resistant pneumococci. Arch Dis Child 1986;61:377.
Henderson FW, Gilligan PH, Wait K, Goff DA. Nasopharyngeal carriage of antibiotic-resistant pneumococci by children in group day care. J Infect Dis 1988;157:256-263.
Rauch AM, O¢Ryan M, Van R, Pickering LK. Invasive disease due to multiple resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in a Houston, Tex, Day Care Center. AJDC 1990;144:923.
Doyle MG, Morrow AL, Van R, Pickering LK. Intermediate resistance of Streptococcus pneumoniae to penicillin in children in daycare centers. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1992;11:831.
Reichler MR, Allphin AA, Breiman RF,Schreiber JR, Arnold JE, McDoug LK et al The spread of multiply resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae at a Day Care Center in Ohio. J Infect Dis 1992;166:1346.
Boken DJ, Chartrand SA, Goering RV, Kruger R, Harrison CJ. Colonization with penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in a child-care center. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1995;14:879.
Zenni MK, Cheatham SH, Thompson JM, Reed GW, Batson AB, Palmer PS et al. Streptococcus pneumoniae colonization in the young child : Association with otitis media and resistance to penicillin. J Pediatr 1995;127:533.
Homoe P, Prag J, Farholt S, Henrichsen J, Hornsleth A, Killian M et al. High rate of nasopharyngeal carriage of potential pathogens among children in Greenland: Results of a clinical survey of middle-ear disease. Clin Infect Dis 1996;23:1081.
Fairchok MP, Ashton WS, Fischer GW. Carriage of penicillin-resistant pneumococci in a military population in Washington, D.C : Risk factors and correlation with clinical isolates. Clin Infect Dis 1996;22:966.
Chiou CC, Liu Y, Huang T, Hwang WK, Wang JH, Lin HH et al. Extremely high prevalence of nasopharyngeal carriage of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae among children in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. J Clin Microbiol 1998;36:1933.
Ruoff KL. Streptococci. En: Murray RR, Baron EJ, Pfaller MA, Tenover FC, Yolken RH, ed. Manual of Clinical Microbiology. 6th ed. Washington, D.C.: ASM Press, 1995;299.
Jacobs MR, Gaspar MN, Robins.Browner RM, Koornhof HJ. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of pneumococci. 2. Determination of optimal disc diffusion test for detection of penicillin G resistance. J Antimicrob Chemother 1980; 6:53.
National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) interpretive standards (mg/ml) for Streptococcus spp. Villanova (PA): National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards, 1997;vol 17, no. 2, M100-S7.
Dean A, Dean J, Coulombier D, Smith DC, Brendel KA, Arner TG et al. Epi-Info version 6.04: A word processing, database, and statistics program for epidemiology on microcomputers. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta (GA), 1994.
Celedon JC, Litonjua AA, Weiss ST, Gold DR. Day care attendance in the first year of life and illnesses of the upper respiratory tract in children with familial history of atopy. Pediatrics 1999;104: 495.
Loda FA, Collier AM, Glezen WP, Strangert K, Clay WA, Denny FW. Occurrence of Diplococcus pneumoniae in the upper respiratory tract of children. J Pediatr 1975;87:1087-1093.
Ghaffar F, Friedland IR, McCracken GH. Dynamics of nasopharyngeal colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Pediatr infect Dis J 1999;18:638.
Dagan R, Melamed R, Muallem M, Piglansky L, Yagupsky P. Nasopharyngeal colonization in Southern Israel with antibiotic-resistant pneumococci during the first two years of life: Relation to serotypes likely to be included in pneumococcal conjugate vaccines. J Infect Dis 1996;174:1352.
Chiou CC, Liu Y, Huang T, Hwang W, Wang J, Lin H et al. Extremely high prevalence of nasopharyngeal carriage of penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae among children in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. J Clin Microbiol 1998;36:1933.
Gray BM, Turner ME, Dillon HC. Epidemiologic studies of Streptococcus pneumoniae in infants. Am J Epidemiol 1982;116:692.
Gray BM, Dillon HC. Clinical and epidemiologic studies of pneumococcal infection in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1986;5:201.
Ahman H, Kaythy H, Tamminen P, Vuorela A, Malinoski F, Eskola J. Pentavalent pneumococcal oligosaccharide conjugate vaccine PncCRM is welltolerated and able to induce an antibody response in infants. Pediatr infect Dis J 1996;15:134.
Rennels MB, Ewards KM, Keyserling HL, Reisinger KS, Hogerman DA, Madore DV. Safety and immunogenicity of heptavalent pneumococcal vaccine conjugated to CR197 in United States infants. Pediatrics 1998;101:604.
Mbelle N, Huebner RE, Wasas AD, Kimura A, Chang I, Klugman KP. Immunogenicity and impact on nasopharyngeal carriage of a nonavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. J Infect Dis 1999; 180: 1171.