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2007, Número 4

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Salud Mental 2007; 30 (4)


Sincronización no-luminosa: mecanismos fisiológicos. Segunda parte

Salazar-Juárez A, Parra-Gámez L, Barbosa MS, Leff P, Antón B

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 131
Paginas: 69-79
Archivo PDF: 664.76 Kb.


FRAGMENTO

III) Cocaína-metanfetamina. Existe una larga historia de estudios sobre las drogas que alteran el mecanismo del reloj biológico. Por ejemplo, el tratamiento agudo o crónico con inhibidores de la monoamina oxidasa y otros antidepresivos altera el periodo y/o la fase del ritmo de actividad locomotora. Se ha reportado repetidamente que los efectos farmacológicos, fisiológicos y conductuales generados por las drogas de abuso dependen del tiempo de administración de éstas en un ciclo de 24 horas. De tal forma, los efectos de drogas de abuso como la anfetamina, el metilfenidato, la nicotina, el etanol, la morfina y la cocaína dependen de la fase circadiana en la que se administran (26). De hecho, en humanos se ha reportado que el consumo y la búsqueda de cocaína muestran un ritmo estacional y circadiano, ya que la mayoría de los sujetos la consume hacia el final del día. En sujetos experimentales, los efectos conductuales y neurofisiológicos generados por piscoestimulantes como la cocaína y la anfetamina - como la inhibición de la ingestión de alimento y el aumento en la actividad locomotora (sensibilización conductual)-, muestran perfiles circadianos en roedores (2, 34, 35). Por ejemplo, el desarrollo de la sensibilización conductual a la cocaína muestra una marcada alteración circadiana, ya que varias inyecciones de cocaína durante el día producen una fuerte sensibilización conductual. En cambio, varias administraciones durante la noche no desarrollan esta sensibilización conductual, lo que sugiere que el reloj biológico regula la sensibilidad del sujeto a la cocaína por medio de un mecanismo aún no determinado. Se ha reportado que la administración de psicoestimulantes como la metanfetamina (44), los opioides (54), el alcohol (20, 102, 103) y la cocaína (1), afectan la expresión de los genes reloj, Per1 y Per2, fuera del NSQ, principalmente en el estriado de la rata (87, 111). Esto sugiere que los genes reloj participan en la regulación de las respuestas inducidas por drogas de abuso (129, 130).


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