medigraphic.com
ISSN 0185-3325 (Impreso)
Órgano Oficial del Instituto Nacional de Psiquiatría Ramón de la Fuente Muñiz

2007, Número 2

<< Anterior Siguiente >>

Salud Mental 2007; 30 (2)


Las bases celulares de las oscilaciones neuronales

Treviño M, Gutiérrez R

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 63
Paginas: 11-18
Archivo PDF: 69.97 Kb.


RESUMEN

Una de las características de los circuitos neuronales es que sus componentes, las neuronas, pueden presentar actividad eléctrica sincrónica y, gracias a ésta, generar actividad oscilatoria. Esta actividad se ha asociado a diversas funciones fisiológicas como el procesamiento de información sensorial, la memoria, el ciclo vigiliasueño y la conciencia. La actividad oscilatoria de un circuito neuronal está mediada por i) las propiedades intrínsecas de sus células, ii) la arquitectura de sus conexiones y iii) la dinámica de sus interacciones sinápticas. A nivel celular, las señales sinápticas pueden generar oscilaciones subumbrales del potencial de membrana y regular la frecuencia de disparo. Estas oscilaciones modulan la respuesta celular a las entradas sinápticas que ocurren en frecuencias funcionalmente relevantes y que, finalmente, producen los diferentes ritmos cerebrales.
A nivel estructural, el conjunto de proyecciones axonales de corto, mediano y largo alcance, permiten que módulos discretos, pero interconectados, oscilen en sincronía a lo largo de amplias regiones cerebrales.
En esta revisión, resaltamos la importancia que tienen las interacciones sinápticas, excitadora e inhibidora, en la regulación y mantenimiento de la sincronía del disparo en grupos neuronales. Abordamos también el impacto de la plasticidad de corto y largo plazo de la transmisión GABAérgica en la modulación de las propiedades sinápticas, las oscilaciones neuronales y su participación en la generación de ritmos hiper-sincrónicos, asociados con las descargas epilépticas y las alteraciones que éstas últimas producen en los mecanismos de inhibición sináptica. Por ejemplo, después de una crisis convulsiva generalizada o de inducir un estado de hiperexcitación, las células granulares glutamatérgicas del giro dentado del hipocampo, presentan modificaciones que les permiten sintetizar y liberar GABA, que actúa sobre receptores pre- y postsinápticos.
En este escenario, el GABA liberado espontáneamente de las células granulares, inhibe las oscilaciones de ~20 Hz en la zona CA3 del hipocampo. Se ha propuesto que este mecanismo, activado por crisis convulsivas, podría servir para limitar la actividad de la red neuronal en respuesta a incrementos de excitabilidad. De igual forma, su presencia se ha asociado con los efectos deletéreos que tienen las crisis convulsivas sobre el aprendizaje y la consolidación de memoria, particularmente durante la fase post-ictal. Finalmente discutimos el posible papel computacional que las oscilaciones neuronales tienen en la representación de información sensorial.


REFERENCIAS (EN ESTE ARTÍCULO)

  1. ALONSO A, LLINAS RR: Subthreshold Na+-dependent theta-like rhythmicity in stellate cells of entorhinal cortex layer II. Nature, 342:175-177, 1989.

  2. ANDERSEN P, ANDERSSON SA, JUNGE K, SVEEN O: Patterns of spontaneous barbturate spindle activity within the thalamus. Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophysiol, 24:90, 1968.

  3. BARNARD EA, SKOLNICK P, OLSEN RW, MOHLER H, SIEGHART W y cols.: International Union of Pharmacology. XV. Subtypes of gamma-aminobutyric acidA receptors: classification on the basis of subunit structure and receptor function. Pharmacol Rev, 50:291-313, 1998.

  4. BARTOS M, VIDA I, FROTSCHER M, MEYER A y cols.: Fast synaptic inhibition promotes synchronized gamma oscillations in hippocampal interneuron networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 99:13222-13227, 2002.

  5. BUZSAKI G: Functions for interneuronal nets in the hippocampus. Can J Physiol Pharmacol, 75:508-515, 1997.

  6. BUZSAKI G, CHROBAK JJ: Temporal structure in spatially organized neuronal ensembles: a role for interneuronal networks. Curr Opin Neurobiol, 5:504-510, 1995.

  7. BUZSAKI G, GEISLER C, HENZE DA, WANG XJ: Interneuron Diversity series: Circuit complexity and axon wiring economy of cortical interneurons. Trends Neurosci, 27:186-193, 2004.

  8. BUZSAKY G: Rhythms of the Brain. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2006.

  9. CASTELO-BRANCO M, GOEBEL R, NEUENSCHWANDER S, SINGER W: Neural synchrony correlates with surface segregation rules. Nature, 405:685-689, 2000.

  10. COBB SR, BUHL EH, HALASY K, PAULSEN O, SOMOGYI P: Synchronization of neuronal activity in hippocampus by individual GABAergic interneurons. Nature, 378:75-78, 1995.

  11. DESTEXHE A, CONTRERAS D, STERIADE M: Spatiotemporal analysis of local field potentials and unit discharges in cat cerebral cortex during natural wake and sleep states. J Neurosci, 19:4595-4608, 1999.

  12. DESTEXHE A, MAINEN ZF, SEJNOWSKI TJ: Synthesis of models for excitable membranes, synaptic transmission and neuromodulation using a common kinetic formalism. J Comput Neurosci, 1:195-230, 1994.

  13. DRAGUHN A, TRAUB RD, SCHMITZ D, JEFFERYS JG: Electrical coupling underlies high-frequency oscillations in the hippocampus in vitro. Nature, 394:189-192, 1998.

  14. ENGEL AK, FRIES P, SINGER W: Dynamic predictions: oscillations and synchrony in top-down processing. Nat Rev Neurosci, 2:704-716, 2001.

  15. FISAHN A, PIKE FG, BUHL EH, PAULSEN O: Cholinergic induction of network oscillations at 40 Hz in the hippocampus in vitro. Nature, 394:186-189, 1998.

  16. GIBSON JR, BEIERLEIN M, CONNORS BW: Two networks of electrically coupled inhibitory neurons in neocortex. Nature, 402:75-79, 1999.

  17. GLYKYS J, MODY I: Hippocampal network hyperactivity after selective reduction of tonic inhibition in GABA A receptor alpha5 subunit-deficient mice. J Neurophysiol, 95:2796-2807, 2006.

  18. GOLSHANI P, LIU XB, JONES EG: Differences in quantal amplitude reflect GluR4- subunit number at corticothalamic synapses on two populations of thalamic neurons. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 98:4172-4177, 2001.

  19. GOMEZ-LIRA G, LAMAS M, ROMO-PARRA H, GUTIERREZ R: Programmed and induced phenotype of the hippocampal granule cells. J Neurosci, 25:6939-6946, 2005.

  20. GOMEZ-LIRA G, TRILLO E, RAMIREZ M, ASAI M, SITGES M, GUTIERREZ R: The expression of GABA in mossy fiber synaptosomes coincides with the seizure-induced expression of GABAergic transmission in the mossy fiber sy21. GUTIERREZ R: Activity-dependent expression of simultaneous glutamatergic and GABAergic neurotransmission from the mossy fibers in vitro. J Neurophysiol, 87:2562-2570, 2002.

  21. GUTIERREZ R: The GABAergic phenotype of the «glutamatergic » granule cells of the dentate gyrus. Prog Neurobiol, 71:337-358, 2003.

  22. GUTIERREZ R: The dual glutamatergic-GABAergic phenotype of hippocampal granule cells. Trends Neuroscience, 28:297-303, 2005.

  23. GUTIERREZ R, TREVINO M, VIVAR C: Initially Glutamatergic, Mossy Fibres are also GABAergic after Seizures. Epilepsia, 46:38, 2005.

  24. HARRIS KD, CSICSVARI J, HIRASE H, DRAGOI G, BUZSAKI G: Organization of cell assemblies in the hippocampus. Nature, 424:552-556, 2003.

  25. HEINEMANN U, BECK H, DREIER JP, FICKER E, STABEL J,ZHANG CL: The dentate gyrus as a regulated gate for the propagation of epileptiform activity. Epilepsy Res (Supl), 7:273-280, 1992.

  26. HUTCHEON B, YAROM Y: Resonance, oscillation and the intrinsic frequency preferences of neurons. Trends Neurosci, 23:216-222, 2000.

  27. JAROLIMEK W, LEWEN A, MISGELD U: A furosemidesensitive K+-Cl- cotransporter counteracts intracellular Claccumulation and depletion in cultured rat midbrain neurons. J Neurosci, 19:4695-4704, 1999.

  28. KAILA K, VOIPIO J: Postsynaptic fall in intracellular pH induced by GABA-activated bicarbonate conductance. Nature, 330:163-165, 1987.

  29. KORPI ER, GRUNDER G, LUDDENS H: Drug interactions at GABA(A) receptors. Prog Neurobiol, 67:113-159, 2002.

  30. LAMAS M, GOMEZ-LIRA G, GUTIERREZ R: Vesicular GABA transporter mRNA expression in the dentate gyrus and in mossy fiber synaptosomes. Brain Res Mol Brain Res, 93:209-214, 2001.

  31. LAMPL I, YAROM Y: Subthreshold oscillations and resonant behavior: two manifestations of the same mechanism. Neuroscience, 78:325-341, 1997.

  32. LISMAN JE, IDIART MA: Storage of 7 +/- 2 short-term memories in oscillatory subcycles. Science, 267:1512-1515, 1995.

  33. LLINAS R, RIBARY U, CONTRERAS D, PEDROARENA C: The neuronal basis for consciousness. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci, 353:1841-1849, 1998.

  34. LLINAS RR: The intrinsic electrophysiological properties of mammalian neurons: insights into central nervous system function. Science, 242:1654-1664, 1988.

  35. LYTTON WW, SEJNOWSKI TJ: Simulations of cortical pyramidal neurons synchronized by inhibitory interneurons. J Neurophysiol, 66:1059-1079, 1991.

  36. MACLEOD K, BACKER A, LAURENT G: Who reads temporal information contained across synchronized and oscillatory spike trains? Nature, 395:693-698, 1998.

  37. MAKARENKO V, LLINAS R: Experimentally determined chaotic phase synchronization in a neuronal system. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA, 95:15747-15752, 1998.

  38. MITZDORF U: Current source-density method and application in cat cerebral cortex: investigation of evoked potentials and EEG phenomena. Physiol Rev, 65:37-100, 1985.

  39. O’KEEFE J: Place units in the hippocampus of the freely moving rat. Exp Neurol, 51:78-109, 1976.

  40. O’KEEFE J, RECCE ML: Phase relationship between hippocampal place units and the EEG theta rhythm. Hippocampus, 3:317-330, 1993.

  41. PAPE HC, DRIESANG RB: Ionic mechanisms of intrinsic oscillations in neurons of the basolateral amygdaloid complex. J Neurophysiol, 79:217-226, 1998.

  42. PUIL E, GIMBARZEVSKY B, MIURA RM: Quantification of membrane properties of trigeminal root ganglion neurons in guinea pigs. J Neurophysiol, 55:995-1016, 1986.

  43. RAMIREZ M, GUTIERREZ R: Activity-dependent expression of GAD67 in the granule cells of the rat hippocampus. Brain Res, 917:139-146, 2001.

  44. RIVERA C, VOIPIO J, KAILA K: Two developmental switches in GABAergic signalling: the K+-Cl- cotransporter KCC2 and carbonic anhydrase CAVII. J Physiol, 562:27-36, 2005.

  45. SANDLER R, SMITH AD: Coexistence of GABA and glutamate in mossy fiber terminals of the primate hippocampus: an ultrastructural study. J Comp Neurol, 303:177-192, 1991.

  46. SANHUEZA M, BACIGALUPO J: Intrinsic subthreshold oscillations of the membrane potential in pyramidal neurons of the olfactory amygdala. Eur J Neurosci, 22:1618-1626, 2005.

  47. SEMYANOV A, WALKER MC, KULLMANN DM, SILVER RA: Tonically active GABA A receptors: modulating gain and maintaining the tone. Trends Neurosci, 27:262-269, 2004.

  48. SINGER W: Synchronization of cortical activity and its putative role in information processing and learning. Annu Rev Physiol, 55:349-374, 1993.

  49. SLOVITER RS, DICHTER MA, RACHINSKY TL, DEAN E y cols.: Basal expression and induction of glutamate decarboxylase and GABA in excitatory granule cells of the rat and monkey hippocampal dentate gyrus. J Comp Neurol, 373:593-618, 1996.

  50. SLOVITER RS, DICHTER MA, RACHINSKY TL, DEAN E y cols.: Basal expression and induction of glutamate decarboxylase and GABA in excitatory granule cells of the rat and monkey hippocampal dentate gyrus. J Comp Neurol, 373:593-618, 1996.

  51. SOMOGYI P, KLAUSBERGER T: Defined types of cortical interneurone structure space and spike timing in the hippocampus. J Physiol, 562:9-26, 2005.

  52. STALEY KJ, PROCTOR WR: Modulation of mammalian dendritic GABA(A) receptor function by the kinetics of Cland. J Physiol, 519 Pt 3:693-712, 1999.

  53. STERIADE M: Impact of network activities on neuronal properties in corticothalamic systems. J Neurophysiol, 86:1-39, 2001.

  54. STERIADE M, DESCHENES M: The thalamus as a neuronal oscillator. Brain Res, 320:1-63, 1984.

  55. STERIADE M, DESCHENES M, DOMICH L, MULLE C: Abolition of spindle oscillations in thalamic neurons disconnected from nucleus reticularis thalami. J Neurophysiol, 54:1473-1497, 1985.

  56. TRAUB RD, BIBBIG A, LEBEAU FE, BUHL EH, WHITTINGTON MA: Cellular mechanisms of neuronal population oscillations in the hippocampus in vitro. Annu Rev Neurosci, 27:247-278, 2004.

  57. TRAUB RD, KOPELL N, BIBBIG A, BUHL EH, LEBEAU FE, WHITTINGTON MA: Gap junctions between interneuron dendrites can enhance synchrony of gamma oscillations in distributed networks. J Neurosci, 21:9478-9486, 2001.

  58. TRAUB RD, WHITTINGTON MA, STANFORD IM, JEFFERYS JG: A mechanism for generation of long-range synchronous fast oscillations in the cortex. Nature, 383:621-624, 1996.

  59. TREVIÑO M, GUTIERREZ R: The GABAergic projection of the dentate gyrus to hippocampal area CA3 of the rat: preand postsynaptic actions after seizures. J Physiol, 567:939-949, 2005.

  60. TSODYKS MV, SKAGGS WE, SEJNOWSKI TJ, MCNAUGHTON BL: Population dynamics and theta rhythm phase precession of hippocampal place cell firing: a spiking neuron model. Hippocampus, 6:271-280, 1996.

  61. VIDA I, BARTOS M, JONAS P: Shunting inhibition improves robustness of gamma oscillations in hippocampal interneuron networks by homogenizing firing rates. Neuron, 49:107-117, 2006.

  62. WANG XJ, BUZSAKI G: Gamma oscillation by synaptic inhibition in a hippocampal interneuronal network model. J Neurosci, 16:6402-6413, 1996.

  63. WHITTINGTON MA, TRAUB RD, JEFFERYS JG: Synchronized oscillations in interneuron networks driven by metabotropic glutamate receptor activation. Nature, 373:612-615, 1995.




2020     |     www.medigraphic.com