2007, Número 5
<< Anterior Siguiente >>
Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex 2007; 64 (5)
Primer consenso latinoamericano de trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad
Barragán-Pérez E, de la Peña-Olvera F, Ortiz-León S, Ruiz-García M, Hernández-Aguilar J, Palacios-Cruz L, Suárez-Reynaga A
Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 171
Paginas: 326-343
Archivo PDF: 178.66 Kb.
RESUMEN
Este resumen de las características del trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAH) fue realizado dentro del primer Consenso Latinoamericano de TDAH celebrado los días 17 y 18 de Junio de 2007, en la Ciudad de México, convocado por el Grupo de Expertos Nacionales para el Estudio del TDAH (GENPETDAH, A.C.) y donde participaron 130 especialistas pertenecientes a neurociencias de 19 países latinoamericanos. Para la discusión, propuesta y diseño de este trabajo, se hizo una búsqueda y revisión de los diferentes artículos en los últimos 15 años, a través de las bases de datos de
Pub Med, Medline, Ovid y
EBSCO. Los artículos que se incluyeron, así como los trabajos, fueron aquellos en donde se encontraban guías o parámetros de diagnóstico y tratamiento, algoritmos de tratamiento realizados en países tanto latinoamericanos como internacionales a través de distintos consensos y los tratamientos aprobados y no aprobados para el trastorno según las agencias sanitarias reguladoras como la
Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
Es pertinente aclarar que toda la información vertida en este documento, desde los parámetros diagnósticos como la colocación de los medicamentos en las distintas etapas de los algoritmos se hizo con base en el número de artículos que evidencian el manejo farmacológico, terapéutico o de criterios diagnósticos de acuerdo a los parámetros de la medicina basada en la evidencia, en donde el estándar de oro son los ensayos doble ciego placebo controlados y los meta-análisis.
REFERENCIAS (EN ESTE ARTÍCULO)
Achenbach T, Rescorla L. Multicultural understanding child & adolesc psychopathology. New York, NY: The Guilford Press; 2007.
Polanczyk G, Silva M, Lessa H, Biederman J, Rohde L. The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: A systematic review and meta-regression analyses. Am J Psychiatry. 2007. (En prensa).
Rohde LA, Szobot C, Polancsyk G, Schmitz M, Martins S, Tramontana S. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a diverse culture: Do research and clinical findings support the notion of a cultural construct for the disorder? Biol Psychiatry. 2005; 57: 1436-41.
Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-IV). Fourth ed. New York NY: American Psychiatric Association; 1994.
Organización Mundial de la Salud. Clasificación multiaxial de los trastornos psiquiátricos en niños y adolescentes. Clasificación de la CIE-10 de los trastornos mentales y del comportamiento en niños y adolescentes. Madrid, España: Médica Panamericana; 2001.
Polanczyk G, Rohde L. Epidemiology of ADHD across de lifespan. Curr Opin Psychiatry. 2007. (En prensa).
Capdevila-Brophy C, Artigas-Pallarés J, Obiols-Llandrich JE. Tempo Cognitivo Lento: ¿Síntomas del TDAH predominantemente desatento o una nueva entidad clínica? Rev Neurol. 2006; 42: S127-34.
Barragán E. Permeable personality. New York, NY: American Psychiatry Association Annual Meeting; 2004.
Resendiz JC, de la Peña F. Generalidades de la comorbilidad. En: Ruiz M, editor. Actualidades en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de trastornos por déficit de atención. México, D. F.: Editores de Textos Mexicanos; 2007.
Pliszka SR. Subtyping ADHD based on comorbidity. ADHD Report. 2006; 14: 1-5.
Barragán E. Diagnóstico clínico. En: Ruiz M, editor. Actualidades en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de trastornos por déficit de atención. México, D. F.: Editores de Textos Mexicanos; 2007.
Pine DS, Alegria M, Cook E, Costello J, et al. Avances en las ciencias del desarrollo del DSM-V. En: Kupfer D, First M, Regier D, editores. Agenda de Investigación para el DSM-V. México, D. F.: Masson Doyma México S. A.; 2004.
Faraone SV, Biederman J, Chen WJ, Krifcher B, Keenan K. Segregation analysis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Evidence for single gene transmission. Psychiatr Genet. 1992; 2: 257-75.
Barker DJO, Osmond C, Winter PD, Margetts B, Simmonds SJ. Weight in infancy and death from ischemic heart disease. Lancet. 1989; 2: 577-80.
Stevenson J. Evidence for a genetic etiology in hyperactivity in children. Behav Genet. 1992; 22: 337-44.
Bayés M, Ramos JA, Cormand B, et al. Genotipado a gran escala en la investigación del trastorno del espectro autista y el trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad. Rev Neurol. 2005; 40 (Suppl 1): S187-90.
Faraone SV, Perlis RH, Doyle AE, et al. Molecular genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2005; 57: 1313-23.
Barragán PE. El niño y el adolescente con trastorno por déficit de atención: su mundo y sus soluciones. México: Altius Editores; 2001.
Castellanos FX, Tannock R. Neuroscience of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: The search for endophenotypes. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2002; 3: 617-28.
Barragán PE. A new differential diagnosis for ADHD: The permeable personality. Neuropediatrics. 2006; 26 (Suppl 2): 25-30.
Biederman J, Faraone SV, Keenan K, Knee D. Family-genetic and psychosocial risk factors in DSM-III attention deficit disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1990; 29: 526-33.
Biederman J, Faraone SV, Mick E, Spencer T, et al. High risk for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder among children of parents with childhood onset of the disorder: A pilot study. Am J Psychiatry. 1995; 152: 431-5.
Hendren RL, de Becker I, Pandina GJ. Review of neuroimaging studies of child and adolescent psychiatric disorders from the past 10 years. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000; 39: 815-28.
Tannok R. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: advances in cognitive, neurobiological and genetic research. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1998; 39: 65-100.
Castellanos FX, Giedd JN, Marsh WL. Quantitative brain magnetic resonance imaging in ADHD. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1996; 53: 607-16.
Cantwell DP. Genetics of hyperactivity. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 1975; 16: 261-4.
Gustafsson P, Thernlud G, Ryding E. Association between cerebral blood-flow measured by single photon emission computed tomography (SPECT), electroencephalogram, behavior symptoms, cognition and neurological soft signs in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Acta Pediatr. 2000; 89: 830-5.
Nigg JT, Casey BJ. An integrative theory of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder based on the cognitive and affective neurosciences. Dev Psychopathol. 2005; 17: 785-806.
Lahoste GJ, Swanson JM, Wigal SB, Glabe C, Wigal T, King N, et al. Dopamine D4 receptor gene polymorphism is associated with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Mol Psychiatry. 1996; 1: 121-4.
Mediavilla–García C. Neurobiología del trastorno de hiperactividad. Rev Neurol. 2003; 36: 555-65.
Waldman ID, Gizer IR. The genetics of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Clin Psychol Rev. 2006; 26: 396-432.
Bakker SC, van der Meulen EM, Buitelaar JK, et al. A whole genome scan in 164 Dutch sib pairs with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder: suggestive evidence for linkage on chromosome 7p and 15q. Am J Hum Genet. 2003; 72: 1251-60.
Arcos-Burgos M, Castellanos FX, Pineda D, et al. Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in a population isolate: linkage to loci at 4q13.2, 5q33.3, 11q22, and 17p11. Am J Hum Genet. 2004; 75: 996-1014.
Dimaio S, Grizenko N, Joober R. Dopamin genes and attention deficit hyperactive disorder: a review. J Psychiatry Neurosci. 2003; 28: 27-38.
Caspi A, Mcclay J, Moffitt TE, Mill J, Martin J, Craig IW, et al. Role of genotype in the cycle of violence in maltreated children. Science. 2002; 297: 851-3.
Caspi A, Sugden K, Moffitt TE, Taylor A, Craig IW, Harrington H, et al. Influence of life stress on depression: moderation by a polymorphism in the 5-HTT gene. Science. 2003; 301: 386-9.
Caspi A, Moffitt TE, Cannon M, Mcclay J, Murray R, Harrington H, et al. Moderation of the effect of adolescent-onset cannabis on adult psychosis by a functional polymorphism in the catechol-o-methyltransferase gene: longitudinal evidence of a gene X environment interaction. Biol Psychiatry. 2004; 57: 1117-27.
Brookes K, Xu X, Chen W, Zhou K, Neale B, Lowe N, et al. The analysis of 51 genes in DSM-IV combined type attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: association signals in DRD4, DAT1 and 16 other genes. Mol Psychiatry. 2006; 11: 934-53.
Jacobson SW, Carr LG, Croxford J, Sokol RJ, Li TK, Jabobson JL. Protective effect of the alcohol dehydrogenase-ADH1B allele in children exposed to alcohol during pregnancy. J Pediatr. 2006; 148: 30-7.
Ulloa R, Ortiz S, Higuera F, Fresán A, Apiquian R, Cortés J, et al. Estudio de fiabilidad interevaluador de la versión en español de la entrevista Schedule for Affective Disordes and Schizophrenia for School-Age children-Present and Lifetime version (K-SADS-PL). Acta Esp Psiquiatr. 2006; 34: 36-40.
de la Peña F, Patiño M, Mendizábal A, Cortés J, Cruz E, Ulloa R, et al. La Entrevista Semiestructurada para Adolescentes (ESA). Características del Instrumento y Estudio de Confiabilidad Interevaluador y Temporal. Salud Mental. 1998; 21: 11-8.
Munguía A. Validez concurrente de la Mini Entrevista Neuropsiquiátrica Internacional para niños y adolescentes (MINI KID), versión en español. México: Tesis para obtener la Especialidad en Psiquiatría Infantil y de la Adolescencia. México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Departamento de Psicología Médica, Psiquiatría y Salud Mental; 2004.
Lara C, de la Peña F, Castro A, et al. Consistencia y validez de las subescalas del cuestionario de Conners para la evaluación de psicopatología en niños (versión larga para padres). Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex, 1998; 55: 712-20.
Narváez R. Validación del cuestionario para la conducta para maestros del Hospital Psiquiátrico Infantil “Dr. Juan N Navarro”. México: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Departamento de Psicología Médica, Psiquiatría y Salud Mental; 2005.
Sayal K, Taylor E. Parent ratings of school behavior in children at risk of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand. 2005; 111: 460-5.
Polanczyk G, Eizirik M, Aranovich V, Denardin D, da Silva T, da Conceicao T, et al. Interrater agreement for the schedule for affective disorders and schizophrenia epidemiological version for school-age children (K-SADS-E). Rev Bras Psiquiatr. 2003; 25: 87-90.
Bobes J, Bulbena A, Luque A, Dal-re R, Ballesteros J, Ibarra N. A comparative psychometric study of the Spanish versions with 6, 17, and 21 items of the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale. Med Clin (Barc). 2003; 120: 693-700.
Sánchez S. Validez y confiabilidad interinformante de la escala de ansiedad para niños y adolescentes. Grado de Especialista en Psiquiatría Infantil y de la Adolescencia. México, D.F.: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Hospital Psiquiátrico Infantil “Dr. Juan N. Navarro”; 1999.
Conde N, Esteban T, Useros E. Estudio crítico de la fiabilidad y validez de la EEC de Beck para la medida de la depresión. Arch Neurol. 1976; 39: 313-38.
Berlanga C, Cortés J, Bauer J. Adaptación y validación de la escala de Carroll en español. Salud Mental. 1992; 15: 36-9.
Pineda D, Kamphaus R, Mora O, Restrepo M, Puerta I, Palacio L, et al. Sistema de evaluación multidimensional de la conducta. Escala para padres de niños de 6 a 11 años, versión colombiana. Rev Neurol, 1999; 28: 672-81.
Pineda D, Kamphaus R, Restrepo M, Puerta I, Arango C, Lopera F, et al. Instrumento de tamizaje para trastorno de conducta screening for conduct disorder in an adolescent male sample from Colombia. Transcult Psychiatry. 2006; 43: 362-82.
Majewicz-Hefley A, Carlson J. A meta-analysis of combined treatments for children diagnosed with ADHD. J Atten Disord. 2007; 10: 239-50.
Elia J, Ambrosini J. Treatment of attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder. N Engl J Med. 1999; 340: 780-8.
Swanson J. Effect of stimulant medication on hyperactive children: a review of reviews. Excep Child. 1993; 60: 154-60.
Poulton A. Long-term outcomes of stimulant medication in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Expert Rev Neurother. 2006; 6: 551-61.
González-de Dios J, Cardo E, Servera M. Methylphenidate in the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: are we achieving an adequate clinical practice? Rev Neurol. 2006; 43: 705-14.
Banaschewski T, Roessner V, Dittmann R, Santosh P. Non-stimulant medications in the treatment of ADHD. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2004; 13 (Suppl 1): S102-16.
Gibson A, Bettinger T, Patel N, Crismon M. Atomoxetine versus stimulants for treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Ann Pharmacother. 2006; 40: 1134-42.
Michelson D, Allen A, Busner J. Once-daily atomoxetine treatment for children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a randomized, placebo-controlled study. Am J Psychiatry. 2002; 159: 1896-901.
Summer C, Schuh K. Placebo-controlled study of the effects of atomoxetine on blader control in children with nocturnal enuresis. J Child Psychopharmacol. 2006; 16: 699-711.
Biederman J, Baldessarini R, Wright V, Knee D. A double-blind placebo controlled study of desipramine in the treatment of ADHD: I. Efficacy. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1989; 28: 777-84.
Geller B, Reising D. Critical review of tricyclic antidepressant use in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999; 38: 513-6.
Connor D, Fletcher K, Swanson J. A meta-analysis of clonidine for symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999; 38: 1551-9.
Biederman J, Swanson J, Wigal S, Kratochvil C, Boellner S, Earl C, et al. Efficacy and safety of modafinil film-coated tablets in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, flexible-dose study. Pediatrics. 2005; 116: 777-84.
Turner D. A review of the use of modafinil for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Expert Rev Neurother. 2006; 6: 455-68.
Schachter H, Pham B, King J. How efficacious and safe is short-acting methylphenidate for the treatment of attention-deficit disorder in children and adolescents? A meta-analysis. CMAJ. 2001; 165: 1475-88.
Resendiz J, Barragán E, Garza M. Estudio multicéntrico, abierto, para evaluar eficacia y seguridad de metilfenidato de liberación controlada. Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex. 2005; 62: 168-72.
Weisler R. Review of long-acting stimulants in the treatment of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Expert Opin Pharmacother. 2007; 8: 745-58.
Wolraich M, Doffing M. Pharmacokinetic considerations in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder with methylphenidate. Clin Pharmacokinet. 2004; 40: 457-70.
Teicher M, Polcari A. Methylphenidate blood levels and therapeutic response in children with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder: I. Effects of different dosing regimens. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2006; 16: 416-31.
Pelham W, Sturges J, Hoza J, Schmidt C, Milich R, Moorer S. Sustained release and standard methylphenidate effects on cognitive and social behavior in children with attention deficit disorder. Pediatrics. 1987; 80: 491-550.
Efron D, Jarman F, Barker M. Side effects of methylphenidate and dexamphetamine in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a double-blind, crossover trial. Pediatrics. 1997; 100: 662-6.
Palumbo D, Spencer D, Spencer T, Lynch J, Faraone S. Emergence of tics in children with ADHD: impact of once-daily OROS methylphenidate therapy. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2004; 14: 185-94.
Roessner V, Robatzek M, Knapp G, Banaschewski T, Rothenberger A. First-onset tics in patients with attention-deficit-hyperactivity disorder: impact of stimulants. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2006; 48: 616-21.
Barragan E, Hernandez J. Efficacy of atomoxetine treatment in children with ADHD and epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2005; 46 (Suppl 6): S88-S9.
Barragán E, Borboa E. Eficacia y seguridad del clorhidrato de atomoxetina en el tratamiento de pacientes con trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad. Bol Med Hosp Infant Mex. 2005; 62: 339-41.
Wilens T, Prince J, Biederman J. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder and comorbid substance use disorders in adults. Psychiatr Serv. 1995; 46: 761-3.
Leibon C, Katusig S, Barbaresi W, Ramson J. Use and costs of medical care for children and adolescents with and without ADHD. JAMA. 2001; 285: 60-6.
Gilmore A, Milne R. Methylphenidate in children with hyperactivity: review and cost- utility analysis. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf. 2001; 10: 85-94.
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Mental health in the United States. Prevalence of diagnosis and medication treatment for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder—United States, 2003. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2005; 54: 842-7.
Barkley R. Psychosocial treatments for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children. J Clin Psychiatry. 2002; 63 (Suppl 12): 36-43.
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Practice parameters for assessment and treatment of children, adolescents and adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Am Acad Child Adolescent Psychiatry Press. 1997; 36: 184-93.
National Institutes of Health: Consensus Development Conference Statement: Diagnosis and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000; 39: 182-93.
Sonuga BE, Thompson M, Abikoff H, et al. Nonpharmacological interventions for preschoolers with ADHD the case for specialized parent training. Infant Young Children. 2006; 19: 142-53.
Eisenberg D, Kessler R, Foster C. Unconventional medicine in the United States. N Engl J Med. 1993; 328: 224-52.
Hyman S, Levy S. Autistic spectrum disorders: when traditional medicine is not enough. Contemp Pediatr. 2000; 17: 101-6.
Prinz R, Roberts W, Hantman E. Dietary correlates of hyperactive behavior in children. J Consult Clin Psychol. 1980; 48: 760-9.
Frei H, Thumesysen A. Treatment for hyperactive children: Homeopathy and methylphenidate compared in a family setting. Br Homeopath J. 2001; 90: 183-8.
Strauss L. The efficacy of a hemopathic preparation in the management of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Biol Ther. 2000; 18: 197-201.
Haag M. Essential fatty acids and the brain. Can J Psychiatry. 2003; 48: 195-203.
Colquhoun I, Bunday S. A lack of essential fatty acid as a possible cause of hyperactivity in children. Med Hypotheses. 1989; 7: 673-9.
Chartier G, Kelly N. Neurofeedback treatment of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder. Grand Rounds Presentation, Rex Hospital, Raleigh, NC.; 1999.
Fuchs D, Mock D, Morgan P, Young C. Responsiveness-to-intervention: Definitions, evidence, and implications for the learning disabilities construct. Learn Dis Res Pract. 2003; 18: 157-72.
Ulloa RE, Sánchez S, Sauceda JM, Ortiz S. Psicopatología asociada al trastorno por déficit de atención e hiperactividad en niños de edad escolar. Actas Esp Psiquiatr. 2006; 34: 330-5.
Biederman J, Spencer TJ, Newcorn JH, Gao H, Milton DR, Feldman PD, et al. Effect of comorbid symptoms of oppositional defiant disorder on responses to atomoxetine in children with ADHD: a meta-analysis of controlled clinical trial. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2007; 190: 31-41.
Del´Homme M, Kim TS, Loo SK, Yang MH, Smalley SL. Familial association and frequency of learning disabilities in ADHD sibling pair families. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 2006; 35: 55-62.
Ruiz-García M, de la Peña OF, Garza-Morales S, Resendiz-Aparicio JC. Algoritmos farmacológicos del trastorno por déficit de atención con comorbilidad. En: Ruiz-García M, editor. Actualidades en el diagnóstico y tratamiento de trastorno por déficit de atención. México D.F.: Editores de Textos Mexicanos; 2007. p. 297-362.
Michanie C. Trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad (TDAC/H). Arch Arg Pediatr. 1993; 9: 57-62.
De la Peña F, Ulloa RE, Paez F. Comorbilidad del trastorno depresivo mayor en los adolescentes. Prevalencia, severidad del padecimiento y funcionamiento psicosocial. Salud Mental. 1999; 22: 88-92.
Spencer T. ADHD and comorbidity in childhood. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006; 67 (Suppl 8): 27-31.
Masi G, Perugi G, Toni C, Millepiedi S, Mucci M, Bertini N, et al. Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder – bipolar. Comorbidity in children and adolescents. Bipolar Disorders. 2006; 8: 373-81.
Montiel N, Peña L. Estimaciones de la prevalencia del trastorno por déficit de atención-hiperactividad en niños marabinos. Rev Neurol. 2002; 35: 1019-24.
Montiel N, Peña L. Datos epidemiológicos del trastorno por déficit de atención con hiperactividad en una muestra de niños marabinos. Rev Neurol. 2003; 37: 815-9.
Stephanie HM, Fairchild G, Snoek H, Harold GT. The evidence for a neurobiological model of childhood antisocial behavior. Psychol Bull. 2007; 133: 149-82.
Beck SD, Rostain AL. ADHD with comorbid anxiety. A review of current literature. J Attent Disord. 2006; 10: 141-9.
Blackman J. Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in preschoolers: does it exist and should we treat it? Pediatr Clin North Am. 1999; 46: 1011-25.
Brown R, Amler R, Freeman W, Perrin J, Stein M. Treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: overview of the evidence. Pediatrics. 2005; 115: 749-57.
Kratovich C, Egger H, Greenhill L, Mcgough J. Pharmacological management of preschool ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006; 45: 115-8.
Greenhill L, Kollins S, Abikoff H, McCracken J, Riddle M, Seanson J, et al. Efficacy and safety of immediate-release methylphenidate treatment for preschoolers with ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006; 45: 1284-93.
Handen B, Feldman H, Lurier A, Murray P. Efficacy of methylphenidate among preschool children with developmental disabilities and ADHD. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999; 8: 805-12.
Vitello B. Psychopharmacology for young children: clinical needs and research opportunities. Pediatrics. 2001; 108: 983-9.
Crimmins C, Rathbun S, Husmann D. Management of urinary incontinence and nocturnal enuresis in attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Urol. 2003; 170: 1347-50.
Barkley R, Thomson J. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a handbook for diagnosis and treatment. New York: Guilford Press; 1998.
Wilens T, Newcorn J, Kratchvil C. Long-term atomoxetine treatment in adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Pediatr. 2006; 54: 112-9.
Biederman J, Newcorn J, Sprinch S. Diagnostic continuity between child and adolescent ADHD: findings from a longitudinal clinical sample. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1998; 37: 305-13.
Pliszka S, Crismon L, Hugles C, Conners K, Einslie G, Jensen P, et al. and the Texas Consensus Conference Panel on Pharmacotherapy of Childhood Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder the Texas children medication algorithm project: revision of the algorithm for pharmacotherapy of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2006; 6: 642-57.
Barrickman LL, Perry PJ, Allen AJ, Kuperman S, Arndt SV, Herrmann KJ, et al. Bupropion versus methylphenidate in the treatment of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1995; 34: 649-57.
Jensen P, Hinshaw S, Kraemer H, Lenora N, et al. ADHD comorbidity findings from the MTA study: comparing comorbid subgroups. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Physchiatry. 2001; 40: 147-58.
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Practice parameters for the assessment and treatment of children, and adolescents with attention –deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Parámetros aprobados por el Consejo de la Academia Americana de Psiquiatría del Niño y el Adolescente, 18 de octubre; 2006. (En prensa).
Biederman J. New-generation long-acting stimulants for the treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Medscape psychiatry and mental health. New York: Medscape Health Network; 2003. Vol 2.
Biederman J, Swanson JM, Wigal SB, Boellner SW, Earl CQ, Lopez FA. A comparison of once-daily and divided doses of modafinil in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006; 67: 727-35.
Biederman J, Swanson JM, Wigal SB, Kratochvil CJ, Boellner SW, Earl CQ, et al. Efficacy and safety of modafinil film-coated tablets in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: results of a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, flexible-dose study. Pediatrics. 2005; 116: 777-84.
Michelson D, Faries D, Wernicke J, Kelsey D, Kendrick K, Sallee R, et al. Atomoxetine in the treatment of children and adolescents with attention –deficit /hiperactivity disorder: a randomized, placebo-controlled, dose-response study. Pediatrics. 2001; 108: 1-9.
Michelson D, Allen AJ, Busner J, Casat C, Dunn D, Kratochvil C, et al. Once- daily atomoxetine treatment for children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a randomized, placebo–controlled study. Am J Psychiatry. 2002; 159: 1896-901.
Daviss WB, Bentivoglio P, Racusin R, et al. Bupropion sustained release in adolescents with comorbid attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder and depression. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2001; 40: 307-14.
Riggs PD, Leon SL, Mikulich SK, Pottle LC. Open trials of bupropion for ADHD in adolescents with substance use disorders and conduct disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1998; 37: 1271-8.
Biederman J, Swanson JM, Wigal SB, Boellner SW, Earl CQ, Lopez FA. Modafinil ADHD study group: a comparison of once-daily and divided doses of modafinil in children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled study. J Clin Psychiatry. 2006; 67: 727-35.
Boellner SW, Earl CQ, Arora S. Modafinil in children and adolescents with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a preliminary 8-week, open-label study. Curr Med Res Opin. 2006; 22: 2457-65.
Motavalli MN, Abali O. Venlafaxine in children and adolescents with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Psychiatry Clin Neurosci. 2004; 58: 92-5.
Mozes T, Meiri G, Ben-Amity G, Sabbagh M, Weizman A. Reboxetine as an optional treatment for hyperkinetic conduct disorder: a prospective open-label trial. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2005; 15: 259-69.
Connor DF, Fletcher KE, Swanson JM. A meta-analysis of clonidine for symptoms of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1999; 38: 1551-9.
Sharps M, Price-Sharps J, Schulte D, Villegas A, Nunes M. Cognitive predisposition to substance abuse in adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Addict Behav. 2005; 30: 355-9.
Shekim W. A clinical and demographic profile of a sample of adults with attention hyperactivity disorder, residual state. Comp Psychiatry. 1990; 31: 416-25.
Biederman J. Patterns of psychiatric comorbidity, cognition and psychosocial functioning in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. Am J Psychiatry. 1993; 150: 1792-8.
Faraone SV, Biederman J, Spencer T, Wilens T, Seidman LJ, Mick E, et al. Attention deficit/hyperactivy disorder in adults: an overview. Biol Psychiatry. 2000; 48: 9-20.
Medina-Mora ME, Borges G, Lara C, Benjet C, Blanco J, Fleiz C, et al. Prevalencia de trastornos mentales y uso de servicios: resultados de la Encuesta Nacional de Epidemiología Psiquiátrica en México. Salud Mental. 2003; 26: 1-16.
Faraone SV, Biederman J, Mick E. The age-dependent decline of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: a meta-analysis of follow-up studies. Psychol Med. 2005; 36: 159-65.
Faraone S, Biederman J, Spencer T, Mick E, Murray K, Petty C, et al. Diagnosing adult attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: are late onset and subthreshold diagnoses valid? Am J Psychiatry. 2006; 163: 1720-9.
Spencer T, Biederman J, Wilens T, Doyle R, Surman C, Prince J, et al. A large, double-blind, randomized clinical trial of methylphenidate in the treatment of adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 2005; 57: 456-63.
Michelson D, Adler L, Spencer T, Reimherr F, West S, Allen D, et al. Atomoxetine in adults with ADHD: two randomized, placebo-controlled studies. Biol Psychiatry. 2003; 53: 112-20.
Lenard A, Spencer T, Milton D, Moore R, Michelson D. Long-term, open- label study of safety and efficacy of atomoxetine in adults with attention deficit /hyperactivity disorder: an interim analysis. J Clin Psychiatry. 2005; 66: 294-9.
American Psychiatric Association: diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders. 4th ed. Text revision. Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association; 2000.
Campbell SB. Hard-to-manage preschool boys: externalizing behavior, social competence, and family context at two-year follow up. J Abnorm Child Psychol. 1993; 22: 147-66.
Dewolfe NA, Byrne JM, Bawden HN. ADHD in preschool children: parent-rated psychosocial correlates. Dev Med Child Neurol. 2000; 42: 825-30.
Dulcan M, Martini DR, Lake M. Child and adolescent psychiatry. Arlington: American Psychiatric Publishing; 2003.
Bierman KL, Wargo JB. Predicting the longitudinal course associated with aggressive-rejected, aggressive (nonrejected), and rejected (nonaggressive) status. Dev Psychopathol. 1995; 7: 669-82.
Weiss M, Hechtman L, Weiss G. ADHD in parents. Clinical perspectives. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2000; 39: 1059-61.
Minde K, Eakin L, Hechtman L, Ochs E, Bouffard R, Greenfield B, et al. The psychosocial functioning of adults with ADHD. J Child Psychol Psychiatry. 2003; 44: 637-46.
Greene RW, Biederman J, Faraone SV, Monteaux MC, Mick E, Dupre, et al. Social impairment in girls with ADHD: patterns, gender comparisons and correlates. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 2001; 40: 704-10.
Greene RW. What does the MTA study tell us about effective psychosocial treatment for ADHD? J Clin Child Adolesc Psychol. 2001; 30: 114-21.
Barragan E. El niño y el adolescente con trastorno por déficit de atención, su mundo y sus soluciones. México, DF: Ed. Linae; 2003. p. 18-21.
Harvey A. Community based study. Epilepsia. 1993; 34: 597-603.
Pascual CVI. Guía práctica diagnóstica y terapéutica. Síndrome de déficit de atención con hiperactividad. Barcelona: César Viguera Ed.; 2001.
Cantwell D. Attention deficit disorder: a review of the past 10 years. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry. 1996; 35: 978-87.
Besag F. Academic performance in SZ. Epilepsia Behav 2003; 20: 42-3.
Chabot R, Serfontein G. Quantitative electroencephalographic profiles of children with attention deficit disorder. Biol Psychiatry. 1996; 40: 951-63.
Clarke A, Barry R, Bond D, McCarthy R, Selikowitz M. Effects of stimulant medications on the EEG of children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Psychol Pharmacol. 2002; 164: 277-84.
Clarke A, Barry R, McCarthy R. EEG analysis in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder: a comparative study of two subtypes. Psychiatry Res. 1998; 81: 19-29.
Barragan E. Eficacia y seguridad del clorhidrato de atomoxetina en pacientes pediátricos con epilepsia. Montreal: Congreso Mundial Neuropediatría; 2006.
Bahn G. The efficacy of metilphenidate in epileptic patients with ADHD, Seoul. 158th . Atlanta: APA Congress; 2005.
Gross F, Bur Di Mauro. The experience of metilphenidate in ADHD patients with epilepsy. Pediatrics. 1997; 130: 40-4.
Gucuyener F. Attention deficit disorder and epilepsy. J Child Neurol. 2003; 18: 109-12.
Barragan E, Garza S, Hernandez J. Efficacy and tolerability of risperidone in the treatment of disruptive behavior in children with epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2004; 45 (Suppl 3): S46.
Barragan E, Hernandez J. Effycacy of atomoxetine treatment in children with ADHD and epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2005; 46 (Suppl 6): S49.
Gonzalez-Heydrich J, Pandina G, Fleischer C. No seizure exacerbation from risperidone in youth with comorbid epilepsy and psychiatric disorderd: a case series. J Child Adolesc Psychopharmacol. 2004; 14: 295-310.
Barragan E, Hernandez J, Garza S. Efficacy and safety of risperidone vs tioridazine in treatment of disruptive behavior in patients with epilepsy. Paris: International Congress of Epilepsy; 2005.
Tuchman R. Epilepsy, language, and behavior: clinical models in childhood. J Child Neurol. 1995; 9: 951-2.
Urea A. Deterioro cognitivo en pacientes pediátricos. Rev Arg Neuropsicol. 2004; 2: 1-14.
Barragan E, Hernandez J. A proposal classification for treatment of attention and disruptive behavior in paediatric patients with epilepsy. Epilepsia. 2006; 47: S88-9.
Organización Panamericana de la Salud. “la salud mental en el mundo”. OPS; 1998.