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2023, Número 4

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Rev Neurol Neurocir Psiquiat 2023; 51 (4)


Enfermedad por coronavirus 2019, COVID-19: manifestaciones neurológicas y complicaciones

Benavides-Hinestroza J, Estévez-Rivera E, García-Perdomo HA

Idioma: Ingles.
Referencias bibliográficas: 113
Paginas: 184-195
Archivo PDF: 219.62 Kb.


RESUMEN

En diciembre de 2019, un nuevo coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 irrumpió en Wuhan, China, lo que provocó un brote de neumonía de rápida propagación a nivel mundial. En febrero de 2020, la Organización Mundial de la Salud denominó a esta manifestación clínica enfermedad por coronavirus 2019, COVID-19. Al 21 de junio de 2020, el número global de infectados por COVID-19 era de 8'708,008 con 461,715 fallecidos. Es bien sabido que el sistema respiratorio es la estructura más afectada por el virus, algunas revisiones sistemáticas, numerosos estudios experimentales y los informes de casos han demostrado el neurotropismo potencial del SARS-CoV-2, que implica complicaciones neurológicas que afectan el sistema nervioso central y periférico. Durante los brotes de coronavirus entre 2002-2003 y 2012 (SARS-CoV-1 y MERS-CoV), se produjeron casos con complicaciones neurológicas. Tradicionalmente, los coronavirus afectan al reino animal, concretamente a las especies de mamíferos. Comprometen el sistema respiratorio y, en algunos casos, el sistema nervioso. Se considera que las mutaciones en el genoma vírico permitieron que el virus trascendiera a la especie humana con el paso del tiempo. Esta transición se produjo gracias a huéspedes intermediarios, generalmente mamíferos de Asia Oriental y Oriente Medio. En algunos países, debido a sus costumbres locales, como el suministro de alimentos o el uso actual de estos huéspedes intermedios con fines de movilidad, ha puesto en peligro a los seres humanos. Han llevado a la especie humana a sufrir brotes respiratorios y gastrointestinales a lo largo de los años, sin dejar de lado el compromiso neurológico. Esta revisión pretende analizar las consecuencias neurológicas secundarias a la infección por SARS-CoV-2, las características neuroinvasivas del virus, sus efectos en la pandemia actual, su presentación clínica y la potencial aparición de secuelas.


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