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2006, Número S4

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Arch Cardiol Mex 2006; 76 (S4)


De la reperfusión al post-acondicionamiento del miocardio con isquemia prolongada. ¿Nuevo paradigma terapéutico de los síndromes coronarios agudos con elevación del segmento ST?
De lo básico a lo clínico

Lupi HE, Gaspar J, González PH, Martínez SC, Pastelín HG, Luna OP, Chávez CE

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 117
Paginas: 76-101
Archivo PDF: 250.97 Kb.


RESUMEN

En la génesis del daño inicial del miocardio que ha sufrido isquemia prolongada y posteriormente reperfusión, además del papel que puedan jugar los radicales libres derivados del oxígeno, se han involucrado: 1. el proceso de la re-energización. 2. la rápida normalización del pH tisular y 3. la regulación acelerada de la osmolalidad tisular. Causas que no son totalmente independientes y donde la ruptura mecánica del sarcolema parece ser el punto final del daño inmediato por la reperfusión. Al igual, la hipercontractura de las miofibrillas es muy probable que sea también una de las causas terminales mayores, misma que es producida por la re-energización de las células isquémicas, en las que se generan fuerzas contráctiles anormales, producto de la sobrecarga del calcio y de la fragilidad incrementada del citoesqueleto. Se sabe además, que la acidosis isquémica atenúa la activación de la hipercontractura. La rápida normalización del pH tisular, puede actuar como factor permisivo para la hipercontractura favorecida por la re-energización y a la vez contribuir a la mayor sobrecarga del calcio. En la condición de la reperfusión se produce edema, lo que se considera también una causa final del daño inmediato post- reperfusión. El mejor entendimiento de estos mecanismos que ocasionan el daño post-reperfusión nos ha permitido acercarnos hacia nuevas opciones terapéuticas, mismas que van encaminadas a interferir con tal deterioro. De manera reciente, se ha descrito en el terreno de la experimentación básica el fenómeno que se designa como “post-acondicionamiento”. También, se ha consignado que el daño post-reperfusión se puede reducir de manera significativa al modificarse las condiciones hidromecánicas y la composición de lo reperfundido durante los primeros minutos del nuevo aporte sanguíneo al miocardio. Se conoce, que el post-acondicionamiento da la misma protección que el pre-acondicionamiento, pero a diferencia del último, el diseño del primero permite aplicarlo en la clínica en los enfermos con SICA C ESST. De manera naciente, se ha demostrado que el post-acondicionamiento existe en el hombre y que con su aplicación durante la realización de los PCI es factible proteger del deterioro por reperfusión a estas cohortes que sufren de isquemia aguda prolongada. Al limitar el daño del miocardio con una manipulación de naturaleza mecanicista, que luce simple en su implementación, la aplicación de ésta posiblemente resultará en beneficio clínico terapéutico. Más que nunca, en los terrenos de la isquemia prolongada y en el escenario del daño inmediato por reperfusión, es necesario ahondar en las investigaciones de estos estados patológicos, pues la aplicación del post-acondicionamiento en el terreno de los SICA C ESST luce potencialmente relevante.


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