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2022, Número 5

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Rev Fac Med UNAM 2022; 65 (5)


Microbioma oral: variabilidad entre regiones y poblaciones

Gómez GAP, López VY, Aguirre GMM

Idioma: Español
Referencias bibliográficas: 48
Paginas: 8-19
Archivo PDF: 383.94 Kb.


RESUMEN

De acuerdo con la Organización Mundial de la Salud (OMS), 3.58 billones de personas son afectadas por desórdenes orales, donde la caries, seguida de la enfermedad periodontal son las más frecuentes y las principales causas de daño al tejido pulpar y pérdida de órganos dentales. En México, el Sistema de Vigilancia Epidemiológica de Patologías Bucales (SIVEPAB) reportó que el 53% de la población se ve afectada por algún grado de enfermedad periodontal, mientras que en promedio la caries afecta al 93.3% de la población de entre 20 a 85 años y más, así como a alrededor del 50.0% de niños y adolescentes, por lo que ambos padecimientos son considerados un problema de salud pública importante en este país. Adicionalmente, se sabe que el microbioma oral humano está asociado con la salud y la enfermedad bucodental. Entre los géneros bacterianos que comúnmente habitan la cavidad oral humana destacan Streptococcus spp., Lactobacillus spp. y Porphyromonas spp. que, a través del desequilibrio del microbioma oral (disbiosis), se asocian con la caries o la enfermedad periodontal. En vista de que estamos constantemente expuestos a este tipo de infecciones crónicas inflamatorias, se sabe que las bacterias orales se trasladan a otras partes del cuerpo contribuyendo al desarrollo y exacerbación de la inflamación sistémica y otras enfermedades. Ya que existen factores como la ubicación geográfica, además de la disbiosis, la edad, la dieta y la genética, que influyen en la variabilidad del microbioma humano. Es importante analizar la diversidad del microbioma oral desde esta perspectiva, ya que el conocimiento que se tiene hasta el momento aún es escaso; por lo anterior se realizó una búsqueda de artículos publicados entre 2010 y 2020 en poblaciones de Asia, África, América y Europa, con el fin de responder la siguiente pregunta: ¿el factor geográfico tiene un impacto en la composición de la variabilidad del microbioma oral humano?


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